我們都知道公共衛生間里有很多細菌，但到底都是哪些種細菌，這些細菌又是從哪兒來(lái)的呢？周三發(fā)表在《PLoS ONE》雜志（譯注：PLoS是公共科學(xué)圖書(shū)館Public Library of Science的縮寫(xiě)）上的一項研究，利用基因測序技術(shù)確定了潛伏在公共衛生間里的細菌的種類(lèi)及來(lái)源。讀過(guò)這篇文章之后，你肯定會(huì )產(chǎn)生去洗手的念頭。而且得多洗幾遍。
Researchers used high-throughput genetic sequencing to detect bacteria on 10 different surfaces in 12 men's and women's bathrooms on a college campus. Those surfaces included door, toilet and faucet handles, soap dispensers, toilet seats and various areas of the floor. The sequencing process used allows scientists to create up to millions of sequences at the same time.
研究人員使用高通量基因測序技術(shù)對一所大學(xué)校園內的12間男、女衛生間里的10個(gè)不同位置的表面進(jìn)行了細菌檢測。這些位置包括門(mén)、馬桶、水龍頭開(kāi)關(guān)、洗手液盒、馬桶座圈和地面的不同區域。研究中使用的測序方法允許科學(xué)家們同時(shí)測定上百萬(wàn)組基因序列。
Nineteen bacterial phyla were identified. Most belonged to four phyla: Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Scientists were able to get an average of 3,340 gene sequences per sample.
經(jīng)過(guò)確認，發(fā)現的細菌有19個(gè)門(mén)類(lèi)。其中大多數分屬四個(gè)門(mén)類(lèi)：放線(xiàn)菌門(mén)、擬桿菌門(mén)、厚壁菌門(mén)及變形菌門(mén)?？茖W(xué)家們從每份樣品中平均獲得了3340個(gè)基因序列。
Bacteria commonly associated with human skin were found on all surfaces -- not a big surprise, since most of the areas sampled are routinely touched. Other human bacteria, including some linked with the mouth, gut and urine were also found on all surfaces.
從所有被檢測的表面上都發(fā)現了通常存在于人類(lèi)皮膚上的細菌——這不算太意外，因為大多數取樣的位置都是日常接觸到的地方。其它一些人體細菌，包括某些口腔細菌、腸道和尿路細菌也在所有表面上都有檢出。
Bacterial communities were grouped into three categories: those found on toilet surfaces, on floors, and on surfaces usually touched by hands. Bacteria associated with the gut were common on toilet surfaces, signifying fecal contamination (and an argument for seat protectors). Bacteria linked to skin were most often found on surfaces people touched with their hands. The floor had the biggest bacteria party, revealing what the authors called "diverse bacterial communities" of organisms, including several typically found in soil.
這些菌落被分成三類(lèi)：分別在馬桶表面、地面和手經(jīng)常接觸的地方發(fā)現的細菌。腸道細菌普遍存在于馬桶表面，這表明存在著(zhù)排泄物污染（這是支持使用馬桶護墊的理由）。皮膚細菌最常見(jiàn)于人們用手接觸的表面。而地面上檢出的細菌種類(lèi)最多，正像作者所稱(chēng)是“形形色色的細菌群落”，包括幾種通常存在于土壤中的細菌。
Some toilet flush handles also had bacteria comparable to what was found on the floor. Getting the picture? It suggests some people flush the handles with their feet, a practice, the authors wrote, "well known to germophobes and those who have had the misfortune of using restrooms that are less than sanitary."
一些馬桶的沖水把手上也有和在地面上發(fā)現的相類(lèi)似的細菌。知道是怎么回事了嗎？這表明有些人用腳撥水箱把手，作者寫(xiě)道，這種做法“是那些害怕細菌的人和使用不干凈的衛生間的人所慣常采用的?！?b class="label bg2" jquery1322218323000="27">
Finding bacteria associated with the gut and female urine at various points in the restrooms may indicate that frequent toilet use distributes those germs around and about. And while on some level we all know that, even if we don't want to admit it ourselves, the authors said this emphasizes the importance of hand washing after using the facilities, since surfaces could transmit human pathogens.
在衛生間的不同位置檢測出腸道細菌和女性尿道細菌說(shuō)明馬桶的頻繁使用會(huì )使這些細菌到處傳播。盡管我們不愿承認，也都有所了解，作者指出這種狀況突出了便后洗手的重要性，因為人類(lèi)致病菌會(huì )通過(guò)物體表面傳播。
Those who used the bathrooms tapped for the study might want to take a cue from the research. "Unfortunately," they wrote, "previous studies have documented that college students (who are likely the most frequent users of the studied restrooms) are not always the most diligent of hand-washers."
使用這些被選出來(lái)接受檢測的衛生間的人們也許愿意從研究中得到一點(diǎn)提示?！安磺傻氖?，”研究人員寫(xiě)道，“過(guò)去的研究已經(jīng)證明了大學(xué)生們（最常使用這些衛生間的大概就是他們）并不總是最勤于洗手的人?！?b style="BACKGROUND: url(http://image44.360doc.com/DownloadImg/2011/11/2518/19559893_1.png) no-repeat left top" class="label bg2" jquery1322218323000="29">
The study was released online today in the journal PLoS ONE.
研究報告今日在網(wǎng)上發(fā)表于《PLoS ONE》雜志。
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