1943年，心理學(xué)家Abraham Maslow（亞伯拉罕.馬斯洛）提出了需要層次理論，他認為人們的需求是具有層級的，他將需要比作一個(gè)金字塔。在金字塔最底部是最需獲得滿(mǎn)足的基本需要，例如食物、睡眠、性等；接下來(lái)依次是“安全感”的需要、“愛(ài)與歸屬感”的需要、“尊重”的需要；最后，是位于金字塔頂端的“自我實(shí)現”的需要，他認為這一需要得到滿(mǎn)足的人比那些沒(méi)有滿(mǎn)足的人感受到更多的幸福。
In a new study, researchers at the University of Illinois put Maslow's ideas to the test with data from 123 countries representing every major region of the world.
在一項最新的研究中，伊利諾斯大學(xué)的研究人員通過(guò)一項調查驗證了馬斯洛的理論。調查數據來(lái)源于123個(gè)國家，涵蓋了世界各主要領(lǐng)域。
"Anyone who has ever completed a psychology class has heard of Abraham Maslow and his theory of needs," said University of Illinois professor emeritus of psychology Ed Diener, who led the study. "But the nagging question has always been: Where is the proof? Students learn the theory, but scientific research backing this theory is rarely mentioned."
伊利諾斯州大學(xué)的心理學(xué)名譽(yù)教授Ed Diener主持了這一調查研究，他說(shuō)：“任何學(xué)過(guò)心理學(xué)的人都聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)馬斯洛和他的需要層次理論，但是，此理論缺乏實(shí)踐證據的問(wèn)題卻被一而再，再而三的提出。雖然學(xué)生們學(xué)習這一理論，但是卻很少有支持這一理論的科學(xué)研究被老師提及。”
The researchers turned to the Gallup World Poll, which conducted surveys in 155 countries from 2005 to 2010, and included questions about money, food, shelter, safety, social support, feeling respected, being self-directed, having a sense of mastery, and the experience of positive or negative emotions. Diener, a senior scientist for the Gallup Organization, helped design the survey.
研究人員向“蓋洛普世界民意調查”求助，于2005-2010年間在155個(gè)國家中實(shí)施了民意測驗，測驗的問(wèn)題涉及到金錢(qián)、食物、住所、安全、社會(huì )支持、受尊重感、自主感、控制感以及積極與消極情緒體驗等多方面。作為“蓋洛普組織”的高級科學(xué)家，Diener幫助對調查進(jìn)行了設計。
The researchers found that fulfillment of a diversity of needs, as defined by Maslow, do appear to be universal and important to individual happiness. But the order in which "higher" and "lower" needs are met has little bearing on how much they contribute to life satisfaction and enjoyment, Diener said.
Diener說(shuō)：“調查者們發(fā)現，馬斯洛所定義的各種需要的滿(mǎn)足，對個(gè)體幸福感的作用是普遍且重要的。但是，各種需要層級的高低受到該種需要對被調查者的生活滿(mǎn)意度與歡愉度所做出的貢獻的影響。”
They also found that the fulfillment of more basic needs -- for money, food or shelter, for example -- was more closely linked to a positive life evaluation, the way an individual ranked his or her life on a scale from worst to best. The satisfaction of higher needs -- for social support, respect, autonomy or mastery -- was "more strongly related to enjoying life -- having more positive feelings and less negative feelings," Diener said.
Diener還說(shuō)：“通過(guò)個(gè)體對“最糟糕”到“最重要”的排列結果，調查者們還發(fā)現：更為基礎的需要的滿(mǎn)足，例如金錢(qián)、食物、住所，與積極地生活評價(jià)有更緊密的聯(lián)系；而更高層次的需要的滿(mǎn)足，如社會(huì )支持、尊重、自主與控制感，則與是否享受生活（有更多的積極感受和更少的消極感受）有關(guān)。“
An important finding, Diener said, is that the research indicated that people have higher life evaluations when others in society also have their needs fulfilled.
“有一個(gè)重要的發(fā)現”， Diener補充，“我們的研究表明當社會(huì )中其他的人的需要也得到滿(mǎn)足的時(shí)候，人們會(huì )給生活以更高的評價(jià)。”
"Thus life satisfaction is not just an individual affair, but depends substantially also on the quality of life of one's fellow citizens," he said.
“因此，生活滿(mǎn)意度不僅僅是個(gè)人的事情，它也相當依賴(lài)于個(gè)體周?chē)麄兊纳钯|(zhì)量。”Diener說(shuō)。
"Our findings suggest that Maslow's theory is largely correct. In cultures all over the world the fulfillment of his proposed needs correlates with happiness," Diener said. "However, an important departure from Maslow's theory is that we found that a person can report having good social relationships and self-actualization even if their basic needs and safety needs are not completely fulfilled."
“我們的研究表明馬斯洛的理論在很大程度上是正確的。世界各地的文化中，馬斯洛提出的各種需要的滿(mǎn)足都與幸福感緊密相關(guān)。然而，”Diener說(shuō)。“一個(gè)背離馬斯洛理論的重要發(fā)現就是——即使基本需要和安全需要得不到完全滿(mǎn)足，一個(gè)人仍有可能報告有好的社會(huì )關(guān)系與自我實(shí)現。”
"Another revision of his theory is that we found that different needs produce different types of well-being," Diener said.
“另外一個(gè)對于他的理論的補充是我們發(fā)現不同的需要產(chǎn)生不同類(lèi)型的幸福。”Diener說(shuō)。”
聯(lián)系客服
