英漢翻譯講座 （復旦大學(xué)講義）
Unit 1
【例1】 The history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story.
?。?/span>“×”號表示譯文有問(wèn)題，下同）
×樹(shù)的歷史開(kāi)始于森林中，直到生產(chǎn)為木板后被使用為止，成為一個(gè)有趣且有許多事例的激動(dòng)人心的故事。
上面這句話(huà)的原文實(shí)際上主要說(shuō)了兩點(diǎn)內容：
1、樹(shù)的歷史的起迄時(shí)間
2、樹(shù)的歷史是怎樣一回事
【譯文】 一棵樹(shù)，從它在森林中生長(cháng)起直到被制成木板使用為止，這段歷史會(huì )構成一個(gè)饒有趣味的故事，在很多情況下這個(gè)故事十分激動(dòng)人心。
【例2】 There are two regulatory systems which interact. One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.
×有兩個(gè)調節系統相互作用。一個(gè)定時(shí)系統來(lái)自于我們的感官和胃的證明，就是當我們生活在一個(gè)特定的時(shí)區所經(jīng)歷的周期性。
【譯文】 人體有兩個(gè)相互作用的時(shí)間調節系統。一個(gè)時(shí)間調節系統依據感官和胃發(fā)出的信息，依據我們生活在某個(gè)時(shí)區所體驗的周期性規律。
尋找對等詞語(yǔ)和結構然后將其串接成句的翻譯方法，常表現如下：
1、簡(jiǎn)單語(yǔ)句的譯文雖然生硬，但基本可讀。如：
【例3】 I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.
×我能看到音樂(lè )史上有三種不同的作曲家，他們中每一個(gè)人以某種不同的方式創(chuàng )作音樂(lè )。
【譯文】 我發(fā)現音樂(lè )史上有三類(lèi)作曲家，他們各自的音樂(lè )創(chuàng )作方式有所不同。
2、較復雜語(yǔ)句的譯文似通非通，甚至不知所云。如：
【例4】 The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.
×傳統主義型作曲家始于某種格調而非某種主題。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng )作行為不太像對固定格調進(jìn)行個(gè)性化處理的主題概念。
【譯文】 傳統型作曲家是從形式出發(fā)而不是從主題出發(fā)進(jìn)行創(chuàng )作的。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng )作不是主題的構思，而是對固定形式的個(gè)性化處理。
3、典型的英語(yǔ)表達形式在漢語(yǔ)無(wú)法找到對等形式，翻譯無(wú)從著(zhù)手。如：
【例5】 Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come -- with the people who respect you for who you are.
【譯文】 發(fā)現自我，如實(shí)地表現自我，你自然會(huì )為人們所喜歡－－為那些尊重你的真正個(gè)性的人們所喜歡。
【例6】 Where do you expect Shanghai to be in five years?
【譯文】 你預計今后五年上海的發(fā)展目標如何？
翻譯不是一種語(yǔ)言中的詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句結構到另一種語(yǔ)言的詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句結構的簡(jiǎn)單轉換，也不是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找與一種語(yǔ)言中對等的詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句結構然后將其串接成句的過(guò)程。在英漢翻譯中，如果把眼光盯著(zhù)原文的詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句結構這些屬于語(yǔ)言層次的東西，結果翻譯出來(lái)的只是一種文字層次的轉換，徒具其形，原文的內容和意義不可能得到很好的表達。
翻譯究竟是什么呢?
翻譯的過(guò)程就好比交通工具的換乘過(guò)程，兩者之間有諸多相似之處。
交通工具換乘過(guò)程：
內容 (人員)
載體（運輸工具1） 內容（人員）
載體（運輸工具2）
翻譯過(guò)程：
內容 (信息)
載體（源語(yǔ)） 內容（信息）
載體（譯語(yǔ)）
比較兩者，其共同點(diǎn)有：
(1) 兩者帶有相似的目的：
兩種轉換過(guò)程都是為了實(shí)現內容通過(guò)載體的變換從一端到另一端的傳遞。
(2) 兩者含有相似的基本要素：
第一要素內容，在交通工具換乘過(guò)程中是人員，而在翻譯過(guò)程中則是信息。
第二要素載體，在交通工具換乘過(guò)程中是車(chē)輛、船舶、飛機等，轉換前是一種運輸工具，轉換后改為另一種運輸工具；而在翻譯過(guò)程中則是語(yǔ)言，轉換前是源語(yǔ)（source language），轉換后是譯語(yǔ)（target language）。
(3) 兩者具有相似的操作要求：
第一，兩者都要求內容不變。
第二，兩者都要求過(guò)程順暢
德國譯學(xué)教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一書(shū)中說(shuō)：
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.（翻譯不只是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找意義相似的其他詞語(yǔ)，而是尋找表達事物的適當方式。翻譯始終立足于語(yǔ)義，也就是說(shuō)，是語(yǔ)義從源語(yǔ)到譯語(yǔ)的轉換，而不是形式。）
這說(shuō)明了翻譯是語(yǔ)義的翻譯，不是語(yǔ)言形式的翻譯，是運用另一種語(yǔ)言的適當方式來(lái)表達一種語(yǔ)言所表達的內容，而不是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找與一種語(yǔ)言中含義相似的某些詞語(yǔ)或結構。翻譯必須跳出原文語(yǔ)言層面的束縛，必須著(zhù)眼于傳達原文的內容和意義。
換句話(huà)說(shuō)，翻譯的基本單位應該是語(yǔ)篇，而不是詞語(yǔ)結構。根據系統功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，語(yǔ)言的實(shí)際使用單位是語(yǔ)篇這樣的言語(yǔ)單位，而不是詞語(yǔ)結構這樣的語(yǔ)法單位。實(shí)際使用的語(yǔ)篇有可能是一個(gè)句子、一個(gè)句段、一個(gè)句群，也有可能是一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)。翻譯作為語(yǔ)言交際的一種形式，其實(shí)質(zhì)是用一種語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)篇材料代替另一種語(yǔ)言與其意義對等的語(yǔ)篇材料。翻譯是運用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達的內容和意義準確而完整地重新表達出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。
II. 課堂練習（分別用詞語(yǔ)和形式對應譯法和語(yǔ)義表達譯法試譯下列句子，并比較翻譯中的感覺(jué)和譯文的效果）：
1. It‘s more a poem than a picture.
2. He drank himself out of the best lines.
3. He pretends to be as modest as anything.
4. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draft.
5. The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.
6. Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness, I asked about the next bus to
7. If you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret.
8. The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.
III. 課堂練習參考譯文：
1. 與其說(shuō)那是一幅畫(huà)，不如說(shuō)那是一首詩(shī)。
2. 他借酒寫(xiě)得好詩(shī)句。
3. 他裝得極為謙虛。
4. 火是無(wú)孔不入的，可是它更愛(ài)竄入通風(fēng)的地方。
5. 循聲而去，便輕而易舉地找到了那間屋子。
6. 我陪著(zhù)小心，用溫和的口吻詢(xún)問(wèn)開(kāi)往哈蒂斯堡下一斑車(chē)的情況。
7. 在社交場(chǎng)合，你就是感到情緒壓抑，也不要表露出來(lái)。
8. 患有流感的幼兒和老人可能并發(fā)細菌性肺炎。
IV. 課外練習（分別用詞語(yǔ)和形式對應譯法和語(yǔ)義表達譯法試譯下列句子，并比較翻譯中的感覺(jué)和譯文的效果）：
1. He wants a lawyer who understands his case, who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself.
2. World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.
3. While you are in the act of summoning your energies, focus on a plan. Don‘t exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities.
4. A book may be compared to your neighbor: if it is good, it can not last too long; if bad you can not get rid of it too early.
5. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation,
6. A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.
7. To petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To petrol we owe the possibility of flying.
8. Because of limited insurance coverage, many people will have to look to their own resources -- both emotional and financial -- to care for an infirm or recovering relative at home.
9. During the last six years, 44 of 60 scholarship winners have been the children of foreigners. the talent search, certainly in this decade, is a tribute as much to immigration as to education.
10. The new architectural styles have become powerful image makers overseas. Two stunning arrivals now gracing Hong Kong‘s crowded skyline -- the privately-owned Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank building and Bank of China‘s headquarters -- stand as monuments to the rival economic interests, cultures and ideologies that define the city.
Unit 2
1. 他要找一位了解他的案情，同情他的處境，并有過(guò)親身經(jīng)歷的人當他的律師。
2. 他的著(zhù)作舉世聞名，而他個(gè)人卻一直默默無(wú)聞，因為他一生始終避免拋頭露面。
3. 在集中精力的過(guò)程中，要集中于一種打算；不要同時(shí)涉足各種可能的情況而搞得精疲力竭一事無(wú)成。
4. 書(shū)可以比作鄰居：如果是好的，相處愈久愈好；如果是壞的，分手愈早愈好。
5. 美國沒(méi)有履行這種神圣的義務(wù)，相反，只是給黑人開(kāi)了一張空頭支票，上面蓋了“資金不足”的戳子后被退了回來(lái)。
6. 朋友是能使你表現出自己最佳品質(zhì)的人，和他在一起你就會(huì )精神煥發(fā)，并且變得更具有友誼所要求的種種內涵。
7. 有了汽油，我們才有了汽車(chē)，取代了私人馬車(chē)；有了汽油，我們才有可能飛上天空。
8. 由于保險金的支付范圍有限，許多人無(wú)論在感情上或經(jīng)濟上都必須靠自己的力量在家中照料病弱或康復中的親人。
9. 過(guò)去六年里，每60名獎學(xué)金獲得者中就有44名是外來(lái)移民的子女。人才獎的評選，當然是指這十年，不僅為美國教育，也為美國移民增添了光彩。
10. 這種種新的建筑風(fēng)格已經(jīng)非常有力地塑造了香港在海外的形象。在擁擠的空中出現了兩幢令人嘆為觀(guān)止的新建筑點(diǎn)綴其間，一幢是私營(yíng)的匯豐銀行大樓，另一幢是中國銀行總部，代表并象征了香港相互競爭的經(jīng)濟利益、文化和意識形態(tài)。
II. 英漢翻譯原理第二講： 什么是好的譯文？
【例7】 Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm.
×公共輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著(zhù)生命力的、健康的作用。
【譯文】 輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著(zhù)極其重要的、有益的作用。
【例8】 I am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me.
×我相信如果你有足夠的好心支持我的話(huà)，它將會(huì )改變形勢。
【譯文】 我相信如果你非常好心能撐我一把的話(huà)，情況就不一樣了。
【例9】 Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.
×職業(yè)和工作帶來(lái)很大的幸福和滿(mǎn)足，而我們大多數人并不意識到這一點(diǎn)。
【譯文】 職業(yè)和工作對于獲得幸福和滿(mǎn)足起了很大的作用，我們大多數人對此卻認識不足。
兩類(lèi)問(wèn)題：一類(lèi)是譯文語(yǔ)義基本符合原文，但漢語(yǔ)表達有欠正確；另一類(lèi)是漢語(yǔ)表達尚有可讀性，但譯文語(yǔ)義不符原文。
目前翻譯界普遍接受的，也是作為一般翻譯學(xué)習者必須努力掌握的標準，簡(jiǎn)而言之是兩條：忠實(shí) (Faithfulness) 和流暢 (Smoothness)。
【例10】 For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign -- to leave his country and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York.
×納特•納卡薩不得不發(fā)誓離開(kāi)祖國，不管情況如何永不返家，并自殺于紐約。
【譯文】 對納特•納卡薩來(lái)說(shuō)，要他簽字保證離開(kāi)祖國永不返回是難以接受的：他在紐約自殺了。
【例11】 In the wake of his mother‘s death some thirty-six years later, Hemingway turned back to the adventure and tried to write a novel about it.
×在他母親去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次歷險奇遇，并試圖寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)。
【譯文】 大約36年過(guò)后，在他母親去世后的不久海明威又想起了那次遭遇的險情，并試圖就此寫(xiě)一部小說(shuō)。
外語(yǔ)腔是初學(xué)翻譯者不知不覺(jué)地會(huì )在漢語(yǔ)譯文中表現出來(lái)的一種不當傾向。翻譯時(shí)所要表達的內容來(lái)自外語(yǔ)原文，原文的詞語(yǔ)和結構形式隨著(zhù)內容一起進(jìn)入到我們的大腦，于是原文的語(yǔ)言形式被帶入譯文，造成了譯文的外語(yǔ)腔。
【例12】 The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.
×他對氣候的唯一讓步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣。
【譯文】 氣候變化，他僅稍稍作了一點(diǎn)變通，赴宴時(shí)穿了件白色的短禮服。
【例13】 If certain animal psychologists are right, a dog adopts his family in a most literal way -- taking it for granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to.
×假如某些動(dòng)物心理學(xué)家的分析正確，狗在很大程度上代表著(zhù)它的家人 － 理所當然這一家也就屬于狗幫了。
【譯文】 假如有些動(dòng)物心理學(xué)家的分析正確，狗對于他所在家庭的認同是非常實(shí)際的－－它理所當然地認為這一家人就是它所歸屬的一群狗。
現代西方著(zhù)名翻譯理論家Eugene A. Nida 在其理論著(zhù)述中經(jīng)常談到讀者反應的問(wèn)題。他認為，翻譯的服務(wù)對象是讀者，要評判譯文質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣，必須看讀者對譯文的反應如何，同時(shí)必須把這種反應與原作讀者對原文可能產(chǎn)生的反應進(jìn)行對比，看兩種反應是否基本一致。
除了忠實(shí)和流暢這兩項基本標準之外，好的譯文還必須保持原文的風(fēng)格，包括民族風(fēng)格、時(shí)代風(fēng)格、語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格、作者個(gè)人的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格等。文藝作品的翻譯尤其要求這樣做。譯者不能破壞或改變原文的風(fēng)格，不能以譯者的風(fēng)格代替原作的風(fēng)格。
III. 課堂練習（努力按照忠實(shí)原文和譯文流暢兩項標準，把下列句子譯成漢語(yǔ)）：
1. She couldn‘t have come at a better time.
2. She has been a widow only six months.
3. I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.
4. The Macedonian argument has a Greek dimension too.
5. The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.
6. From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.
7. But the next century we‘ll be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms.
8. As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.
IV. 課堂練習參考譯文：
1. 她來(lái)得正是時(shí)候。
2. 她的丈夫去世至今不過(guò)半年。
3. 我認為那篇講話(huà)口氣強硬，大可不必。
4. 馬其頓之爭同希臘也有關(guān)系。
5. 英國人同其他民族一樣，也有豐富的感情。
6. 從物理學(xué)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)來(lái)看，不同的波長(cháng)有多少種，顏色就有多少種。
7. 但下個(gè)世紀我們將能根本改變DNA，能在構建新的生命時(shí)把我們的種種想象、種種出于虛榮的要求，都編入遺傳密碼。
8. 作為人，我們應該不問(wèn)他人的身份如何都尊重他們，從而顯示出自己高超的智慧和道德，而不要因為他們沒(méi)有某種身份或地位而去卑視他們。
V. 課外練習（努力按照忠實(shí)原文和譯文流暢兩項標準，把下列短文譯成漢語(yǔ)）：
I first took up walking as a means of escape. After a busy morning in my office, I found it refreshing to take a stroll at lunchtime, to breathe the fresh air and feel the sun. Another walk in the cold night air was, I discovered, an exhilarating way to unwind.
I‘ll never forget the feeling I got one winter night as I walked the deserted streets after many grueling hours at the hospital. I suddenly realized that I no longer felt tense or tired. All the worries about my patients‘ illnesses, as well as my own personal cares, seemed to evaporate as quickly as the smoky vapor of my breath in the frosty night. As I incorporated walking into my schedule, not only were my spirits lifted, but my weight and blood pressure were gradually reduced. I began reviewing the medical literature on walking. From this research, and my clinical observations as a family physician, I found that it is possible to walk your way to better health, a trimmer body and a longer life -- no matter what your age.
Walking -- like swimming, bicycling and running -- is an aerobic exercise which builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercise may be a primary factor in the prevention of heart and circulatory disease.
As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the most acceptable exercise for the greatest number of people. Walking at comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardio-respiratory system by stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate than most other forms of exercise. (279 words)
Unit 3
我最初開(kāi)始散步是作為一種脫身之計。在辦公室里忙了一個(gè)上午之后，我發(fā)現午飯時(shí)出去走一走，吸一口新鮮空氣，享受一下陽(yáng)光，十分令人神清氣爽。我還發(fā)現，在夜間充滿(mǎn)寒意的空氣中散步也是一種使人心曠神怡的放松辦法。
一個(gè)冬夜，經(jīng)過(guò)了醫院里好幾個(gè)小時(shí)精疲力竭的工作后我漫步在空曠無(wú)人的大街上，那種感覺(jué)永遠都無(wú)法忘卻。我一下子發(fā)現自己不再感到緊張疲勞。什么病人的病情、個(gè)人的煩惱，似乎就像寒夜中呼出的熱氣，一下子都煙消云散了，
我把散步納入了每天的日程，不僅精神振作了，而且體重和血壓也逐漸下降了。我開(kāi)始查閱有關(guān)散步的醫學(xué)文獻。通過(guò)研究，還通過(guò)從事家庭保健醫生工作中的臨床觀(guān)察，我發(fā)現，無(wú)論年齡大小，散步都能健身瘦身，延年益壽。
散步同游泳、騎車(chē)、跑步等一樣，是一種有氧運動(dòng)，能夠增加皮膚和肌肉的供氧，從而增進(jìn)體能和耐力。這種運動(dòng)可成為預防心血管疾病的主要因素。
散步是一種最不激烈、最為安全的有氧運動(dòng)，對絕大多數人都極其合適。以舒適的速度步行能促進(jìn)心肺活動(dòng)，從而提高心肺功能，雖然比起其他各種運動(dòng)方式來(lái)散步的作用較為緩慢。
II. 英漢翻譯原理第二講：什么是好的譯文？（續）
【例14】 There is a mix of confrontation and cooperation between them.
【譯文】 他們之間既有對抗，又有合作。
【例15】 He died, and was survived by wife and three children.
【譯文】 他死了，撇下了妻子和三個(gè)孩子。
【例16】 Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof.
【譯文】 司法部門(mén)如果對此不聞不問(wèn)，那就是失職。
【例17】 Evidently he had the first quality of an angler, which is not to measure the pleasure by the catch.
【譯文】 他顯然具備了垂釣者的首要品質(zhì)，即以釣為樂(lè )，釣多釣少無(wú)所謂。
【例18】 Nothing out of its place is good, nothing in its place is bad.
×身外之物無(wú)一是善，身內之物無(wú)一是惡。
【譯文】 凡事不當無(wú)一是好，凡事得當無(wú)一是壞。
【例19】 Happiness is like manna; it is to be gathered and enjoyed every day.
×幸福似甘露，日日可享用。
【譯文】 幸福猶如甘露，要天天采集才能日日享用。
忠實(shí)原文是指譯文與原文實(shí)質(zhì)內容上的一致，而不是形式上的一致。譯者由于對原文理解不深，不能透過(guò)原文的形式掌握其實(shí)質(zhì)內容，僅見(jiàn)其形，未見(jiàn)其神，這樣譯出的文字形式上似乎與原文一致了，但與原文的意思卻相去甚遠。這便是犯了翻譯上的形式主義。但是靈活出了格，過(guò)分強調譯文的流暢，而不受原文意思的約束，鬧了獨立性，在原文的思想內容之外隨意添枝加葉，這種譯法稱(chēng)之為自由主義。
【例20】 This was one of the secrets of his great popularity, but it was a popularity which was as unsettled as the waves. It swelled, and bubbled, and foamed for a while, only to recede, and be lost to its former possessor.
×這是他名噪一時(shí)的一個(gè)秘密，但這種名聲如同波濤一樣起伏不定：在短暫的時(shí)間內如日中天，盛極一時(shí)，炙手可熱，但轉瞬間又煙消云散，終于在原來(lái)有些聲望的人身上消失了。
【譯文】 這是他名噪一時(shí)的一個(gè)秘密，但這種名聲如同波濤一樣起伏不定：一時(shí)間奔騰高漲，洶涌澎拜，轉瞬間又一落千丈，終于在原來(lái)享有這種聲望的人身上蕩然無(wú)存。
佳譯欣賞：
【例21】 A thief is a thief.
【譯文】 賊性難改。
【例22】 There was no snow, the leaves were gone, the grass was dead.
【譯文】 天未下雪，但葉落草枯。
【例23】 Human affairs are all subject to changes and disasters.
【譯文】 人世間，事不由己，變遷災禍，難以逆料。
【例24】 It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.
【譯文】 綠草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，這日子是如此清新；蜜蜂無(wú)言，春花不語(yǔ)，海波聲歇，大地音寂，這日子是如此安靜。然而并非安靜，因為萬(wàn)物各以其獨特的節奏，或動(dòng)，或搖，或震，或起，或伏。
III. 課堂練習（努力按照忠實(shí)原文和譯文流暢兩項標準，把下列句子譯成漢語(yǔ)，翻譯時(shí)既要避免拘泥于原文結構的形式主義譯法，又要防止偏離原文內容的自由主義譯法）：
1. He who idles away the time is nothing but a living death.
2. No greater misfortune befalls a country than to be governed by a tyrant.
3. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.
4. The expectation of collision informed British frontier policy in this period.
5. Every day now, the suppression of truth and the organizing of public ignorance shame journalism.
6. I walked to the ticket counter. When the ticket-seller saw me, her otherwise attractive face turned sour, violently so.
7. Accident may put a decisive blunderer in the right, but eternal defeat and miscarriage must attend the man of the best parts, if cursed with indecision.
8. In their rush, these companies have neglected the hardest part of doing business in
IV. 課堂練習參考譯文：
1. 虛度年華者，雖生猶死。
2. 國之大難莫過(guò)于暴君當道。
3. 他有一種習慣讓人受不了，意見(jiàn)反復不定，一會(huì )兒一個(gè)變化。
4. 英國預計到了將會(huì )發(fā)生沖突，并據此對這一時(shí)期的邊境政策作了調整。
5. 現在，天天都在隱瞞真相，愚弄公眾，這種做法是新聞界的恥辱。
6. 我走到售票臺。女售票員一看見(jiàn)我，她那原本頗為動(dòng)人的臉刷地一沉，變得怒氣沖沖。
7. 出錯者若處事果斷，仍可意外取得成功；才干出眾者若優(yōu)柔寡斷，必然屢屢失誤。
8. 這些公司在一擁而入之中忽略了在中國經(jīng)營(yíng)最艱巨的問(wèn)題，即人的問(wèn)題，結果許多公司嚴重損害了他們的遠期經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jì)。
V. 課外練習（努力按照忠實(shí)原文和譯文流暢兩項標準，把下列短文譯成漢語(yǔ)）：
Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.
There are two ways by which the pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.
A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. (256 words)
Unit 4
I、上次課外練習參考譯文：
將來(lái)水的問(wèn)題會(huì )變得更加尖銳復雜。不斷增長(cháng)的人口將大量增加城市廢物，主要是生活污水。另一方面，用水需求的不斷增長(cháng)將使得可用于稀釋廢水的水量大大減少?？焖侔l(fā)展的工業(yè)越來(lái)越多地采用各種復雜的化學(xué)方法，從而使廢水大量增多，而很多廢水中含有種種有害的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。為了養活迅速增長(cháng)的人口，農業(yè)必須集約化，這就會(huì )不斷增加農用化學(xué)品的用量。由此看來(lái)，必須立即采取果斷行動(dòng)研究污染問(wèn)題的整治措施。
整治污染問(wèn)題的方法有兩種。第一種是通過(guò)廢物處理減少污染的危害，包括固體廢物排放“之前”的處理和液體廢物或污水的處理，從而實(shí)現水的循環(huán)利用或者盡量降低最終排放前的污染程度。
第二種方法是開(kāi)發(fā)全部或部分廢物的經(jīng)濟利用。農田中施用農家肥補充肥分或有機肥。有些地區使用污水處理廠(chǎng)排放的污水進(jìn)行灌溉施肥。其他水處理廠(chǎng)排出的廢水也可用作補充水源?，F在，禽肉加工等許多行業(yè)正在把原先廢棄的下腳料加工成可供出售的副產(chǎn)品，其他行業(yè)也在研究廢棄物的經(jīng)濟利用可能途徑。
II、英漢翻譯原理第三講：怎樣理解原文？
【例25】 For some people hope dies slowly.
【譯文】 對有些人來(lái)說(shuō)，希望不會(huì )輕易破滅。
【例26】 In planning my drive to the airport, I will factor in a cushion: to allow for the unexpected, such as heavy traffic or a flat tire.
【譯文】 我在安排開(kāi)車(chē)前往機場(chǎng)時(shí)，總會(huì )考慮留一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，以防路上遇到交通堵塞或者輪胎漏氣等意外情況。
【例27】 The blue in his fine eyes seemed to preclude his being a Syrian, but there was an encouraging curve in his nostrils.
【譯文】 看他那雙藍眼睛，他似乎不可能是敘利亞人，但看他鼻子的曲線(xiàn)，卻又使人覺(jué)得他很有可能是的。
【例28】 The pace was comfortable, so I decided to stay where I was.
【譯文】 我覺(jué)得這種步速跑起來(lái)輕松，所以我就決定保持這種速度。
【例29】 He always lives ahead of his salary.
【譯文】 他總是不到發(fā)薪水的日子就把錢(qián)花完了?；颍核男剿偸遣粔蚧?。
美國語(yǔ)言教學(xué)家Wilga M. Rivers 說(shuō)過(guò)理解中要掌握三個(gè)層次的意義，即詞語(yǔ)意義、語(yǔ)法或結構意義以及社會(huì )和文化意義（the three levels of meaning: lexical meaning, structural or grammatical meaning, and social-cultural meaning）。
【例30】 So that‘s how I became just another kid in school.
【譯文】 就這樣，我成了學(xué)校里一名和其他孩子一樣的普通孩子。
【例31】 At first, they were being nice.
【譯文】 起初人們只是出于一時(shí)的好心。
【例32】 John Major faces severe social and economic problems as well as tough debate over European integration, but his top priority will be to maintain the Tories‘ long lease on 10 Downing Street.
【譯文】 梅杰面臨嚴重的社會(huì )和經(jīng)濟問(wèn)題以及關(guān)于歐洲統一的艱苦辯論，但是他的當務(wù)之急將是維系保守黨的長(cháng)期執政。
德國譯學(xué)教授Wolfram Wilss說(shuō)：
Translating requires the syntactic, semantic, stylistic and text-pragmatic comprehension by the translator of the original texts.（翻譯過(guò)程要求譯者在句法、語(yǔ)義、文體和語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)用各方面對原文的進(jìn)行理解。）
一、要理解原文語(yǔ)句的內部關(guān)系：
【例33】 Go to hell! You report what I have done to the authorities.
×去你的吧！你去向領(lǐng)導匯報我對他們的不敬吧！
【譯文】 去你的吧！你去向領(lǐng)導匯報我的所作所為好啦！
【例34】 He ate his savoury, and hurried the maid as she swept the crumbs.
×他一邊吃著(zhù)最后的一道消食小吃，一邊催促女傭人趕快打掃碎屑。
【譯文】 他吃完最后的一道消食小吃，在女傭人打掃碎屑時(shí)，催她快一點(diǎn)。
【例35】 Derek fancies himself as a ladies‘ man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking.
×德里克自以為是討女人喜歡的人，可是為了討我喜歡，他卻花很多時(shí)間在鏡子面前自我欣賞。
【譯文】 德里克自以為是個(gè)討女人喜歡的人，可是我不喜歡他花那么多的時(shí)間在鏡子面前自我欣賞。
III、課堂練習（以下各句的譯文在理解上都有問(wèn)題。請正確理解以下各句，并指出譯文中的理解錯誤）及參考譯文：
1. My delegation is not satisfied that the case has yet been made for convening such a broad conference.
×我方代表團對于沒(méi)有人提出理由說(shuō)明應召開(kāi)如此廣泛的會(huì )議很不滿(mǎn)意。
我方代表團認為，還沒(méi)有人提出充分理由說(shuō)明應召開(kāi)如此廣泛的會(huì )議。（satisfy 說(shuō)服，使確信）
2. The nationalized industries have been spoon-fed for so long that they don‘t care whether they give value for money, or make a profit or loss.
×國有工業(yè)長(cháng)期受到優(yōu)厚待遇， 他們不在乎錢(qián)， 也不在乎盈利或虧損。
一些國有行業(yè)長(cháng)期受到優(yōu)厚待遇，他們不在乎錢(qián)花得是不是值得，也不在乎盈利或虧損。
3. I was not quite sure whether they had locked the door; and when I dared move, I got up and went to see. Alas! no jail was ever more secure.
×我不敢肯定他們是不是把門(mén)鎖上了；等到我敢走動(dòng)的時(shí)候，我站起身來(lái)走過(guò)去看看。天??！沒(méi)有一所監獄更加牢固。
我不敢肯定他們是不是把門(mén)鎖上了；等到我敢走動(dòng)的時(shí)候，我站起身來(lái)走過(guò)去看看。天??！鎖得牢牢的好象監獄一般。
4. Very hesitatingly I selected a tube of blue paint, and with infinite precaution made a mark about as big as a bean on the snow-white field.
×我遲疑不決地選了一管藍色顏料，然后小心翼翼地畫(huà)了一筆，就像雪白的田野上的一粒蠶豆那么大小。
我遲疑不決地選了一管藍色顏料，然后非常小心翼翼地在畫(huà)布雪白的底色上點(diǎn)了豆子般大小的一點(diǎn)。
5. I agree with you that many laws are unjust, but if you make every law a matter of conscience you will end up in jail.
×我同意你的意見(jiàn)，很多法律是不公正的，但如果你都憑良心來(lái)制定每項法律的話(huà)，你最終就得坐牢。
我同意你的意見(jiàn)，很多法律是不公正的，但如果你對待每項法律都要講良心的話(huà)，你最終就得坐牢。
6. Ring farewell to the century of physics, the one to which we split the atom and turned silicon into computing power,
×向物理世紀告別吧，在這個(gè)世紀里，我們分裂了原子，把硅變?yōu)橛嬎銠C的動(dòng)力。
向物理學(xué)的世紀告別吧，在這個(gè)世紀里，我們實(shí)現了原子的分裂，我們把硅變成了計算能力。
7. The sun sets regularly on the Union Jack these days, but never on the English language.
×現在太陽(yáng)從英國國旗上有規則地落下，但是英語(yǔ)卻不是這種情況。/ 現在英國國旗上照到的陽(yáng)光日益減少，但英語(yǔ)卻不是這種情況。
現在，英國已不再是個(gè)“日不落”的國家了，但是英語(yǔ)卻還是在廣泛地流行使用。（Union Jack英國國旗）
8. I hear the Hindoo teaching his favorite pupil the loves, wars, adages, transmitted safely to this day from poets who wrote three thousand years ago.
×我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)有三千年前的詩(shī)人們書(shū)寫(xiě)的、完好無(wú)損地流傳至今的、有印度教士傳授給得意門(mén)生的、有關(guān)愛(ài)情故事、戰爭和格言。
我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)印度人在向他的得意門(mén)生傳授愛(ài)情故事、戰爭和格言，這些都是由三千年前的詩(shī)人所寫(xiě)并完好地流傳至今。
IV、課外練習（正確理解下列短文，并將其譯成漢語(yǔ)）：
First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the "halo effect." This means that if you‘re viewed positively within the critical first few minutes, the person you‘ve met will likely assume everything you do is positive.
How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer‘s first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions. In fact, when our facial expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, the listener will typically put more weight on the nonverbal message.
To make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm handshake. If the interviewer doesn‘t initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. Whenever you have a choice of seats, select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one across from it. That way there are no barriers between the two of you and the effect is somewhat less confrontational. If you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you‘re not directly in front of your interviewer.
Monitor your body language to make sure you don‘t seem too desperate for the job, or too eager to please. Keep a Poker face in business situations. Inappropriate smiling is the most common example of a nonverbal behavior that undercuts verbal messages -- making you appear weak and unassertive. Good eye contact is also important. One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are perceived as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible. (298 words)
Unit 5
I、上次課外練習參考譯文：
第一印象常常是持久的印象。的確，如果處理得當，你就能有幸獲得社會(huì )學(xué)家稱(chēng)之為“光環(huán)效應”帶來(lái)的種種好處。這就是說(shuō)，要是在一開(kāi)始關(guān)鍵的幾分鐘里你就給人留下好的印象，初遇者就可能認為你辦的事件件都好。
你的一舉一動(dòng)都會(huì )大大影響你給面試者的第一印象。在有關(guān)人際交流的一項意義重大的研究中心理學(xué)家發(fā)現，關(guān)于情感和態(tài)度的信息有7％來(lái)自我們的語(yǔ)言文字，有38％來(lái)自我們的語(yǔ)音，而驚人的是，竟有55％來(lái)自我們的面部表情。事實(shí)上，如果面部表情或說(shuō)話(huà)語(yǔ)調與我們所說(shuō)的話(huà)發(fā)生矛盾時(shí)，聽(tīng)者通常會(huì )更加看重那些非語(yǔ)言信息。
為了使第一次面試成功，一開(kāi)始的握手要堅定有力。如果面試者沒(méi)有主動(dòng)伸出手來(lái)，你就主動(dòng)先把手伸出來(lái)。要是可以選擇座位的話(huà)，要坐在面試者桌子的側面，而不要坐在正對面。這樣坐法你們中間就沒(méi)有障礙了，而且在一定程度上起到減少對立的作用。如果你只能坐在桌子對面，那么坐的時(shí)候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身體坐的角度偏一點(diǎn)，這樣你就不是正對著(zhù)面試者了。
要注意你的形體語(yǔ)言，千萬(wàn)不要表現得對這份工作迫不及待，也不要表現得急于討好別人。要保持一種辦理公事時(shí)一本正經(jīng)的神態(tài)。非語(yǔ)言行為可削弱語(yǔ)言信息的力量，從而使你顯得優(yōu)柔寡斷缺乏自信，而不合時(shí)宜的微笑就是一個(gè)最為常見(jiàn)的例子。良好的目光交流也非常重要。有一項研究發(fā)現，多用目光進(jìn)行交流的求職者可給人以更為機警、可靠、自信、負責的印象。
II、英漢翻譯原理第三講：怎樣理解原文？（續）
二、要理解特殊語(yǔ)言現象的特殊含義：
【例36】 John is now with his parents in New York; it is three years since he was a high school teacher in Washington.
【譯文】 約翰現在同父母一起住在紐約；他不在華盛頓當中學(xué)教師已有三年了。
【例37】 She didn‘t attend the meeting because she wanted to.
【譯文】 她去開(kāi)會(huì )并不是她自己想去。
【例38】 As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.
【譯文】 作為居住之處，這里有許多不足之處。但作為新型飛機的秘密訓練基地，卻是非常理想的。它地處邊陲，人們不易了解其中的活動(dòng)。
【例39】 The teacher didn‘t tell her students that in so many words, but obviously something about her attitude convinced them.
×老師沒(méi)有用很多話(huà)把這種情況告訴學(xué)生，但她的某種態(tài)度顯然使學(xué)生相信情況的確如此。
【譯文】 老師沒(méi)有把這種情況對學(xué)生明說(shuō)，但她的某種態(tài)度顯然使學(xué)生相信情況的確如此。
【例40】 If I am getting a free ride, how come I am so tired when I go home at the end of a shift?
×如果我是免費乘車(chē)的話(huà)，我上完一次班回家后怎么會(huì )那么累呢？
【譯文】 如果我上班偷閑的話(huà)，我下班回家怎么會(huì )那么累呢？
【例41】 I am sorry I was a little short with you just now. I don‘t feel myself today.
×如果我剛才陪你的時(shí)間短了一些的話(huà)，我很抱歉。今天我自己也沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到。
【譯文】 剛才對你態(tài)度不好，我很抱歉。今天我身體有點(diǎn)不舒服。
三、要結合上下文語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行理解：
【例42】 The financial implications of this resolution remain to be defined.
【譯文】 本決議所涉及的財政問(wèn)題尚待確定。
本決議對財政工作的意義尚待闡明。
【例43】 The tyrants might array their cruelty, but the people would oppose their bravery.
【譯文】 暴君恣意肆虐，人民則奮勇反抗。
【例44】 Managers face a host of new business realities, such as changing patterns of employment that include an explosion of outsourcing and new alliances.
×管理人員面對的是商界前所未有的種種現實(shí)，諸如就業(yè)的模式不斷變化 包括外購。重組等現象的猛增。
【譯文】 管理人員面對的是商界前所未有的種種現實(shí)，諸如企業(yè)用工方式的不斷變化 包括大幅度增加外部采辦和新建聯(lián)產(chǎn)單位。
III、課堂練習（正確理解以下各句，并在正確理解的基礎上將其譯成漢語(yǔ)）：
1. Let it deceive them, then, a little longer; it can not deceive them too much.
2. We shall never get anywhere with all the criticism and fault finding. I believe in the principle "Live and let live".
3. He said that no one could beat him at tennis, but he had to eat his word after losing several games.
4. I had read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a good deal about love.
5. In fact, one office-system expert recently said that he had yet to encounter a business work place that was functioning at more than 60 percent efficiency.
6. Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and serious faults.
7. There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it.
8. We are human and human beings are far from perfect. To be human implies that we will make mistakes. But it‘s more than that we feel human. We now feel entitled.
IV、課堂練習參考譯文：
1. 那就讓這事再騙他們一會(huì )兒吧，無(wú)論怎樣騙他們都不算過(guò)分。
2. 這一套批評挑剔的做法是行不通的。我相信“互相容忍”的原則。
3. 他說(shuō)打網(wǎng)球沒(méi)人打得過(guò)他，但輸了幾場(chǎng)之后，他只好承認自己說(shuō)錯了。
4. 我讀過(guò)很多小說(shuō)，在學(xué)校里所見(jiàn)所聞也不少，對于愛(ài)情自然就知道得很多。
5. 事實(shí)上，有位辦公制度專(zhuān)家最近說(shuō)過(guò)，他還沒(méi)見(jiàn)到過(guò)有哪個(gè)辦公場(chǎng)所的工作效率高于百分之六十。
6. 有頭腦的人誰(shuí)也不會(huì )指望求職者說(shuō)出自己的缺點(diǎn)和嚴重過(guò)錯，同樣，也不會(huì )指望廣告里說(shuō)的全是真話(huà)。
7. 對于外國人（甚至包括英國人）來(lái)說(shuō)，要欣賞豐富多采的英語(yǔ)，最好的辦法也許就是學(xué)習莎士比亞使用英語(yǔ)的各種方法。
8. 我們是凡人，而凡人遠非十全十美。作為凡人就是說(shuō)我們會(huì )犯錯誤。但是，我們覺(jué)得自己是凡人不僅僅由于我們會(huì )犯錯誤。我們如今感到有權利犯錯誤。
V、課外練習（正確理解下列短文，并將其譯成漢語(yǔ)）：
A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we‘re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in
We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow‘s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar way of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth; computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job. (320 words)
Unit 5
I、上次課外練習參考譯文：
第一印象常常是持久的印象。的確，如果處理得當，你就能有幸獲得社會(huì )學(xué)家稱(chēng)之為“光環(huán)效應”帶來(lái)的種種好處。這就是說(shuō)，要是在一開(kāi)始關(guān)鍵的幾分鐘里你就給人留下好的印象，初遇者就可能認為你辦的事件件都好。
你的一舉一動(dòng)都會(huì )大大影響你給面試者的第一印象。在有關(guān)人際交流的一項意義重大的研究中心理學(xué)家發(fā)現，關(guān)于情感和態(tài)度的信息有7％來(lái)自我們的語(yǔ)言文字，有38％來(lái)自我們的語(yǔ)音，而驚人的是，竟有55％來(lái)自我們的面部表情。事實(shí)上，如果面部表情或說(shuō)話(huà)語(yǔ)調與我們所說(shuō)的話(huà)發(fā)生矛盾時(shí)，聽(tīng)者通常會(huì )更加看重那些非語(yǔ)言信息。
為了使第一次面試成功，一開(kāi)始的握手要堅定有力。如果面試者沒(méi)有主動(dòng)伸出手來(lái)，你就主動(dòng)先把手伸出來(lái)。要是可以選擇座位的話(huà)，要坐在面試者桌子的側面，而不要坐在正對面。這樣坐法你們中間就沒(méi)有障礙了，而且在一定程度上起到減少對立的作用。如果你只能坐在桌子對面，那么坐的時(shí)候把椅子稍微挪一下或者把身體坐的角度偏一點(diǎn)，這樣你就不是正對著(zhù)面試者了。
要注意你的形體語(yǔ)言，千萬(wàn)不要表現得對這份工作迫不及待，也不要表現得急于討好別人。要保持一種辦理公事時(shí)一本正經(jīng)的神態(tài)。非語(yǔ)言行為可削弱語(yǔ)言信息的力量，從而使你顯得優(yōu)柔寡斷缺乏自信，而不合時(shí)宜的微笑就是一個(gè)最為常見(jiàn)的例子。良好的目光交流也非常重要。有一項研究發(fā)現，多用目光進(jìn)行交流的求職者可給人以更為機警、可靠、自信、負責的印象。
II、英漢翻譯原理第三講：怎樣理解原文？（續）
二、要理解特殊語(yǔ)言現象的特殊含義：
【例36】 John is now with his parents in New York; it is three years since he was a high school teacher in Washington.
【譯文】 約翰現在同父母一起住在紐約；他不在華盛頓當中學(xué)教師已有三年了。
【例37】 She didn‘t attend the meeting because she wanted to.
【譯文】 她去開(kāi)會(huì )并不是她自己想去。
【例38】 As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.
【譯文】 作為居住之處，這里有許多不足之處。但作為新型飛機的秘密訓練基地，卻是非常理想的。它地處邊陲，人們不易了解其中的活動(dòng)。
【例39】 The teacher didn‘t tell her students that in so many words, but obviously something about her attitude convinced them.
×老師沒(méi)有用很多話(huà)把這種情況告訴學(xué)生，但她的某種態(tài)度顯然使學(xué)生相信情況的確如此。
【譯文】 老師沒(méi)有把這種情況對學(xué)生明說(shuō)，但她的某種態(tài)度顯然使學(xué)生相信情況的確如此。
【例40】 If I am getting a free ride, how come I am so tired when I go home at the end of a shift?
×如果我是免費乘車(chē)的話(huà)，我上完一次班回家后怎么會(huì )那么累呢？
【譯文】 如果我上班偷閑的話(huà)，我下班回家怎么會(huì )那么累呢？
【例41】 I am sorry I was a little short with you just now. I don‘t feel myself today.
×如果我剛才陪你的時(shí)間短了一些的話(huà)，我很抱歉。今天我自己也沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到。
【譯文】 剛才對你態(tài)度不好，我很抱歉。今天我身體有點(diǎn)不舒服。
三、要結合上下文語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行理解：
【例42】 The financial implications of this resolution remain to be defined.
【譯文】 本決議所涉及的財政問(wèn)題尚待確定。
本決議對財政工作的意義尚待闡明。
【例43】 The tyrants might array their cruelty, but the people would oppose their bravery.
【譯文】 暴君恣意肆虐，人民則奮勇反抗。
【例44】 Managers face a host of new business realities, such as changing patterns of employment that include an explosion of outsourcing and new alliances.
×管理人員面對的是商界前所未有的種種現實(shí)，諸如就業(yè)的模式不斷變化 包括外購。重組等現象的猛增。
【譯文】 管理人員面對的是商界前所未有的種種現實(shí)，諸如企業(yè)用工方式的不斷變化 包括大幅度增加外部采辦和新建聯(lián)產(chǎn)單位。
III、課堂練習（正確理解以下各句，并在正確理解的基礎上將其譯成漢語(yǔ)）：
1. Let it deceive them, then, a little longer; it can not deceive them too much.
2. We shall never get anywhere with all the criticism and fault finding. I believe in the principle "Live and let live".
3. He said that no one could beat him at tennis, but he had to eat his word after losing several games.
4. I had read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a good deal about love.
5. In fact, one office-system expert recently said that he had yet to encounter a business work place that was functioning at more than 60 percent efficiency.
6. Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and serious faults.
7. There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it.
8. We are human and human beings are far from perfect. To be human implies that we will make mistakes. But it‘s more than that we feel human. We now feel entitled.
IV、課堂練習參考譯文：
1. 那就讓這事再騙他們一會(huì )兒吧，無(wú)論怎樣騙他們都不算過(guò)分。
2. 這一套批評挑剔的做法是行不通的。我相信“互相容忍”的原則。
3. 他說(shuō)打網(wǎng)球沒(méi)人打得過(guò)他，但輸了幾場(chǎng)之后，他只好承認自己說(shuō)錯了。
4. 我讀過(guò)很多小說(shuō)，在學(xué)校里所見(jiàn)所聞也不少，對于愛(ài)情自然就知道得很多。
5. 事實(shí)上，有位辦公制度專(zhuān)家最近說(shuō)過(guò)，他還沒(méi)見(jiàn)到過(guò)有哪個(gè)辦公場(chǎng)所的工作效率高于百分之六十。
6. 有頭腦的人誰(shuí)也不會(huì )指望求職者說(shuō)出自己的缺點(diǎn)和嚴重過(guò)錯，同樣，也不會(huì )指望廣告里說(shuō)的全是真話(huà)。
7. 對于外國人（甚至包括英國人）來(lái)說(shuō)，要欣賞豐富多采的英語(yǔ)，最好的辦法也許就是學(xué)習莎士比亞使用英語(yǔ)的各種方法。
8. 我們是凡人，而凡人遠非十全十美。作為凡人就是說(shuō)我們會(huì )犯錯誤。但是，我們覺(jué)得自己是凡人不僅僅由于我們會(huì )犯錯誤。我們如今感到有權利犯錯誤。
V、課外練習（正確理解下列短文，并將其譯成漢語(yǔ)）：
A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we‘re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in
We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow‘s achievements in biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar way of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth; computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years, information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job. (320 words)
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