認識論：[源自希臘文episteme（知識）和logos（理論）；在字面上，是指知識論]“認識的”是它的形容詞，即對知識的獲得?！罢J知學(xué)”有時(shí)也用作認識論的同義詞，或用于指探究知識的科學(xué)方法。認識論也等同于“知識學(xué)”，后者來(lái)自希臘文genoskein（知道）。認識論通常開(kāi)始于試圖駁斥懷疑論，證明知識是可能的，然后進(jìn)一步闡明知識的性質(zhì)和范圍，對知識的標準分析認為它是被證明為真的信念。這基本上是由柏拉圖最初被提出的一個(gè)定義，盡管它最近受到了“蓋梯爾問(wèn)題”的挑戰。由于這種定義，哲學(xué)家們始終在努力分析知識與信念、知識與真理、知識與辨明之間的關(guān)系。這最后一個(gè)特別核心的問(wèn)題。在某種意義上，認識論特別關(guān)注得到證實(shí)的信念問(wèn)題，而不是知識本身。認識論的另一個(gè)主要問(wèn)題是關(guān)心知識的起源，即評價(jià)感覺(jué)和理性在知識獲得中的作用。在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，哲學(xué)家們被分為理性主義者和經(jīng)驗主義者，以柏拉圖、笛卡爾和萊布尼茨為代表的理性主義把理性看做是知識的來(lái)源，而以洛克、休謨等人為代表的經(jīng)驗主義認為，經(jīng)驗是真理的來(lái)源?？档略噲D調和兩者，認為知識只有通過(guò)結合先天直覺(jué)與執行概念和表象概念才是可能的。當代認識論是由英美哲學(xué)支配的，基本上是經(jīng)驗主義的。伴隨著(zhù)語(yǔ)言哲學(xué)的發(fā)展，言語(yǔ)和意義成為重要的問(wèn)題，由于認識論與心理學(xué)和心的哲學(xué)密切相關(guān)，知覺(jué)、記憶、想象、他人的心靈和錯誤都是主要論題。對歸納和先天知識的討論也占主導地位，因為認識論與科學(xué)哲學(xué)同樣密切相關(guān)。
“諸如人類(lèi)知識的性質(zhì)、起源和限度等問(wèn)題，過(guò)去與現在都是認識論事業(yè)的動(dòng)因?！?div style="height:15px;">
——莫澤和納特：《人類(lèi)知識》，1987年，第3頁(yè)。
Epistemology
[from Greek episteme,knowledge + logos, theory; literally, theory of knowledge] The adjective “epistemic”pertains to knowledge. Epistemics is sometimes used as equivalent toepistemology or is used to denote a scientific approach to knowledge.Epistemology is also equivalent to gnoseology (from Greek genoskein, to know). Epistemologygenerally starts with attempts to refute skepticism by justifying the claimthat knowledge is possible, and then proceeds to clarify the nature and thescope of knowledge. The standard analysis of knowledge claims that it isjustified true belief, a definition initiated essentially by Plato, although itis challenged most recently by Gettier’s problem. Because of this definition,philosophers have been working to analyze the relation between knowledge and belief,between knowledge and truth, and between knowledge and justification. The last issueis especially central. In a sense, epistemology pays more attention to theproblem of what it is to be justified in believing than to knowledge per se. Anothermain task of epistemology concerns the origin of knowledge, that is, to assessthe role of sense and reason in the acquisition of knowledge. Philosophers aredivided into rationalists and empiricists with respect to this issue. Rationalism,represented by Plato, Descartes, and Leibniz, takes reason to be the source ofknowledge, while empiricism, represented by Locke and Hume, argues that experienceis the source of truth. Kant attempted to reconcile both by claiming thatknowledge is possible only by the combination of our a priori intuitions and conceptsof the understanding and appearances. Contemporary epistemology is dominated byAnglo-American philosophy and is largely empirical. Corresponding to thedevelopment of the philosophy of language, speech and meaning become importantissues. Since epistemology is closely associated with psychology and the philosophyof mind, perception, memory, imagination, other minds, and error are majortopics. The discussions of induction and a priori knowledge are also prominent,in part through the association of epistemology with philosophy of science.
“Questions such as these, about the nature, origin, and limits of humanknowledge, motivated the enterprise of epistemology, past and present.”
——Moser and Nat, Human Knowledge
哲理、思辨、學(xué)識、意見(jiàn)
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