攝影師需要爛熟于心的12條法則
Memorize This! By Jason Schneider November 200412 essential facts, formulas, and photographic rules
當你的相機系統崩潰時(shí)，當高尖端的技術(shù)也不管用時(shí),該怎么辦？這時(shí)就需要依賴(lài)自己的知識了。擁有下面這些基本常識絕對是超值,在你一籌莫展的時(shí)候,它們有助于幫我們解決困境并拍出好的照片。
What happens when your systems go belly-up, when all of that cutting-edge technology dies and you must rely on (gasp!) your own knowledge? It pays to have these basics in your head. They can get you out of a jam and help you get good shots when nothing else will.
1、陽(yáng)光16法則。即在拍攝處于明媚均勻的陽(yáng)光下的主體時(shí)，快門(mén)定為感光度倒數，光圈為F16為宜。以此為基準，可以估算出，在海灘用F22光圈，有云的晴天用F11等。1. Sunny 16 rule： The basic exposure for an average scene taken on a bright, sunny day is f/16 at a shutter speed equivalent to one over the ISO setting—that is, f/16 at 1/100 sec at ISO 100. From this you can interpolate, and try f/22 at the beach, f/11 on a cloudy-bright day, etc.
2、月光11，8，和5.6法則。攝影月亮的曝光組合有多種。但最為人樂(lè )于使用的是11、8和5.6組合。當快門(mén)速度為感光度倒數時(shí)，滿(mǎn)月用F11光圈，半月和3／4月分別用F8和F5.6.2. Moony 11, 8, and 5.6 rules： There are many different rules that work well when shooting the moon. One favorite for a proper exposure of a full moon is f/11 at one over the ISO setting. For pictures of a half moon, use the same shutter speed at f/8, and for a quarter moon, use the same shutter speed at f/5.6.
3、相機抖動(dòng)法則。安全的快門(mén)速度是焦距的倒數。如使用50毫米的鏡頭時(shí)，如果手持拍攝，速度至少要在1／60以上為宜（當然，防抖頭不算）。如果低于此速度，請使用閃光燈，腳架，或為相機找其他支持物。
3. Camera shake rule： The slowest shutter speed at which you can safely handhold a camera is one over the focal length of the lens in use. As shutter speeds get slower, camera shake is likely to result in an increasing loss of sharpness. So, if you\'re using a 50mm lens, shoot at 1/60 sec or faster. Not enough light? Use a flash, tripod, or brace your camera against a solid ｏｂｊｅｃｔ.
4、18％灰測光。用18％中灰板測光會(huì )帶來(lái)最好的效果。如果沒(méi)有灰板，可以將手掌攤開(kāi)面向陽(yáng)光，對手掌測光讀數，然后加一檔曝光拍攝。（不同的膚色對結果的差別幾乎連一檔都達不到。）
4. Anatomical gray card Metering off an 18-percent neutral gray card is a good way to get a midtone reading that will give you a good overall exposure of a scene. Forgot your gray card? Hold your open hand up so it\'s facing the light, take a reading off your palm, open up one stop, and shoot. (Various skin tones rarely account for even a full-stop difference.)
5、景深法則。對焦點(diǎn)取在整個(gè)景深的前三分之一位置可以得到最大的景深。因為焦點(diǎn)后的景深是焦點(diǎn)前的二倍。
5. Depth of field rules： When focusing on a deep subject, focus on a point about a third of the way into the picture to maximize depth of field, because the depth-of-field zone behind that point is about twice as deep as the depth-of-field zone in front of it. This works for all apertures and focal lengths, but the smaller the aperture and the shorter the focal length, and the greater the distance you shoot at, the greater the depth of field.
6、數碼沖印尺寸法則。數碼照片最佳的擴印尺寸應該不超過(guò)長(cháng)與寬的像素數之和除以200。如果需要影展素質(zhì)的照片，請除以250。
6. Largest digital print rule： To calculate in inches the largest photo-quality print you can make with a digital camera, divide the vertical and horizontal pixel counts (see your manual) by 200. For critical applications, or if you want exhibition-quality prints, divide the pixel counts by 250.
7、曝光法則。經(jīng)典的建議是：保證高光區曝光準確，低光區隨他去。這一建議適用于反轉和數碼相機。而對負片，特別是彩色負片，最好增曝一檔。
7. Exposure rules： The classic advice is, "Expose for the highlights, and let the shadows take care of themselves." This works with slide film and digital. But with negative film, especially color negative, you\'re better off overexposing by one stop.
8、快速閃光輸出法則。在使用沒(méi)有自動(dòng)輸出控制的閃光燈時(shí)，將閃光燈的感光度設為膠卷的二倍，對主體測光，機身選光圈整檔，閃光燈設同樣光圈。這種設置下，照片的陰影區會(huì )比主體的亮度低一檔。
8. Quick flash-fill rule： When using an automatic flash unit that doesn\'t provide auto flash-fill ratios, set the flash\'s ISO dial to twice the ISO you\'re using. Meter the scene, select an f-stop, set the autoflash aperture to the same f-stop, and shoot. The resulting 2:1 flash-fill ratio will produce filled shadows one stop darker than the main subject.
9、閃光距離法則。距離乘2，感光度乘4。比如，你的閃光燈在感光度100時(shí)的有效距離為20英尺。如果你需要閃光距離達到40英尺，則需要使用感光度400的膠卷。
9. Flash range rule： Want to know how much extra flash range you get by going to a faster ISO? The rule is, "Double the distance, four times the speed." For example: If your flash is good to 20 feet at ISO 100 (film or digital), it will be good to 40 feet at ISO 400.
10、像素翻番法則。要使數碼相機分辨率增倍，像素數要翻兩番。
10. Megapixel multiplier rule： To double the resolution in a digital camera, you must increase the number of megapixels by a factor of four—not two. Why? The number of pixels in both the vertical and horizontal dimensions must be doubled to double the pixel density across the image sensor.
11、動(dòng)態(tài)捕捉法則：這是一個(gè)角度與速度的經(jīng)驗公式。如果物體沿鏡頭的軸線(xiàn)運動(dòng)你能夠用(1/125)的快門(mén)捕抓下來(lái)，那么它垂直于鏡頭軸線(xiàn)的運動(dòng)（從取景框的一邊到另外一邊的運動(dòng)）能用比(1/125)高2檔的快門(mén)(1/500)捕抓下來(lái)，如果物體沿鏡頭軸線(xiàn)成45度運動(dòng)的話(huà)，只需要提高一檔快門(mén)(1/250)就能捕抓下來(lái)。（此條為GDSGHJ翻譯，特此鳴謝。）
11. Action-stopping rules： To stop action moving across the frame that\'s perpendicular to the lens axis, you need shutter speeds two stops faster than action moving toward or away from you. For action moving at a 45-degree angle to the lens axis, you can use a shutter speed one stop slower. For example: If a person running toward you at moderate speed can be stopped at 1/125 sec, you\'ll need a shutter speed of 1/500 sec to stop the subject moving across the frame, and a shutter speed of 1/250 sec to stop him if moving obliquely with respect to the camera.
12、日落測光法則。拍攝落日時(shí)，要對落日上部測光，但取景器中不要取到太陽(yáng)。如果想讓照片上的日落看上去比實(shí)際晚一小時(shí)，可在曝光補償中減1。
12. Sunset rule： To get a properly exposed sunset, meter the area directly above the sun (without including the sun). If you want the scene to look like it\'s a half-hour later, stop down by one f-stop, or set exposure compensation to minus one.
摘自美國《大眾攝影》雜志文
http://bbidream.blogcn.com/diary,10226447.shtml
