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參考文獻:

1.Stern, R. J. Subduction zones. Rev. Geophys. 40, 3–1 (2002).

2.Hauri, E. H. Major-element variability in the Hawaiian mantle plume. Nature 382, 415–419 (1996).

3.Eiler, J. M., Farley, K. A., Valley, J. W., Hofmann, A. W. & Stolper, E. M. Oxygen isotope constraints on the sources of Hawaiian volcanism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 453–467 (1996).

4.DePaolo, D. J. & Manga, M. Deep origin of hotspots–the mantle plume model. Science 300, 920–921 (2003).

5.Campbell, I. H. & Griffiths, R. W. Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 99, 79–93 (1990).

6.Clouard, V. & Bonneville, A. How many Pacific hotspots are fed by deep-mantle plumes? Geology 29, 695–698 (2001).

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8.Condie, K. C. Mantle plumes and their record in Earth history. (Cambridge university press, 2001).

9.Zheng, Y.-F. Subduction zone geochemistry. Geosci. Front. 10, 1223–1254 (2019).

10.Pierce, K. L. & Morgan, L. A. Is the track of the Yellowstone hotspot driven by a deep mantle plume?—Review of volcanism, faulting, and uplift in light of new data. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 188, 1–25 (2009).

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12.Ali, J. R., Fitton, J. G. & Herzberg, C. Emeishan large igneous province (SW China) and the mantle-plume up-doming hypothesis. J. Geol. Soc. 167, 953–959 (2010).

13.Hamblin, W. K. & Christiansen, E. H. Earth’s dynamic systems. (Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, 2004).

圖片來(lái)源：

圖1，2，4，5，6來(lái)自Hamblin, W. K. & Christiansen, E. H. Earth’s dynamic systems. (Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, 2004).

圖3來(lái)自https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%A6