?費曼技巧的兩個(gè)闡述
托業(yè)幫2019-11-01
理查德·費曼是科學(xué)界的傳奇。
他不僅因獲得了諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎而聞名，更因他獨特的個(gè)性和天賦而廣受敬慕。他說(shuō)過(guò)的話(huà)和做過(guò)的事都體現了他獨特的與世界互動(dòng)的方式。
費曼不僅在物理學(xué)上造詣高深，同時(shí)也因為他的好奇心而在開(kāi)鎖技術(shù)，繪畫(huà)和打邦哥鼓上具有專(zhuān)業(yè)級水平。他還曾親身參與過(guò)靈魂出體的實(shí)驗。
費曼曾說(shuō)過(guò)：
“You have no responsibility to live up to what other people think you ought to accomplish. I have no responsibility to be like they expect me to be. It's their mistake, not my failing.”
“你沒(méi)有責任去實(shí)現別人覺(jué)得你應該完成的事情。我沒(méi)有責任去成為他們期望的樣子。這是他們的錯誤，不是我的失敗?！?/p>
讀過(guò)他的故事的人很難不被他的魅力所征服——作為一名科學(xué)家，作為一個(gè)有孩童般好奇心的人，作為一個(gè)善于學(xué)習的人，費曼都在啟迪著(zhù)每一個(gè)人。感興趣的朋友們可以去讀一下《別鬧了，費曼先生》，這是理查德·費曼最出名的傳記，其英文版名為《Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman》。
費曼被這樣介紹道：
Richard Feynman won the Nobel prize in physics, is one of the world's greatest
theoretical physicists, and is a man who has fallen, often jumped, into outrageous
adventure. He has been raising eyebrows ever since he shocked a dean's wife at Princeton and she was moved to exclaim: "Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman!"
理查德·費曼贏(yíng)得過(guò)諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎，是世界上最偉大的理論物理學(xué)家之一，曾陷入駭人聽(tīng)聞的冒險中去，且常常是雀躍著(zhù)去的。在普林斯頓他曾令院長(cháng)夫人大吃一驚，因而激動(dòng)地驚呼：“你一定是在開(kāi)玩笑，費曼先生！”，自那時(shí)起他就常常語(yǔ)驚四座。
Feynman is surely the only person in history to solve the mystery of liquid helium and to be commissioned to paint a naked female toreador? to expertly crack the uncrackable safes guarding the Atomic Bomb's most critical secrets and to play a skillful frigideira in a Brazilian samba band. He has traded ideas with Einstein and Bohr? discussed gambling odds with Nick the Greek? and accompanied a ballet on the bongo drums.
費曼肯定是歷史上唯一一位解開(kāi)了液態(tài)氦之謎，并受命畫(huà)一位裸體的女斗牛士的人；是唯一一位巧妙地撬開(kāi)保存原子彈實(shí)驗室最關(guān)鍵機密的防撬保險箱，并在巴西桑巴樂(lè )團熟練的演奏巴西鐵鑼的人。他曾與愛(ài)因斯坦和波爾交流想法；他曾與希臘賭神尼克探討賭博概率；他曾為芭蕾伴奏邦哥鼓。
費曼技巧（也稱(chēng)費曼學(xué)習法）現在被很多人關(guān)注。大家相信這種學(xué)習法能幫助實(shí)現高效學(xué)習。
費曼學(xué)習法的關(guān)鍵之一跟禪宗哲學(xué)有某種共同之處。通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)化概念，去除名相對實(shí)相的扭曲，以達到真正的領(lǐng)會(huì )。禪宗的傳道方式乃是“不立文字”，“以心傳心”。采用費曼技巧確實(shí)有點(diǎn)參禪的味道。
另外一個(gè)關(guān)鍵是去教授想學(xué)的知識，這個(gè)理念跟中國古人所說(shuō)的“教學(xué)相長(cháng)”不謀而合。
理查德·費曼
以下的兩個(gè)闡述中，第二個(gè)闡述似乎更清楚明白。
闡述之一：
Learn Like An Engineer:
像工程師一樣學(xué)習：費曼技巧（費曼學(xué)習法）
Who Is Richard Feynman?
理查德·費曼是誰(shuí)？
Richard Feynman was an American physicist who made outstanding contributions to quantum physics in the 20th century, so much so that in 1965, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics, thanks to his work on Quantum Electrodynamics.
理查德·費曼是一位美國物理學(xué)家，他在20世紀對量子物理學(xué)做出了杰出的貢獻，使他在1965年因其在量子電動(dòng)力學(xué)上的工作而贏(yíng)得了諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎。
Feynman was born in New York on May 11, 1918. Early on, he showed interest and ease in dealing with scientific matters. He majored in Physics at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) where he wrote and published two articles during his undergraduate program: one on cosmic rays and another on molecular forces.
費曼于1918年5月11日出生于紐約。小時(shí)候，他便表現出了應對科學(xué)事物的興趣和從容。他在麻省理工學(xué)院主修物理學(xué)，在做本科項目期間撰寫(xiě)并發(fā)表了兩篇文章：一篇關(guān)于宇宙射線(xiàn)，另一篇關(guān)于分子力學(xué)。
Feynman earned his Ph.D. from Princeton University in Princeton, USA. He became a professor at Cornell University and the California Institute of Technology where he served for decades. In 1959, during a lecture at the annual meeting of the American Society of Physics, Feynman presented the idea of the possibility of organizing and manipulating materials at the atomic level, what we now call Nanotechnology.
費曼在位于美國普林斯頓的普林斯頓大學(xué)獲得了博士學(xué)位。他后來(lái)成為了康奈爾大學(xué)和加州理工學(xué)院的教授，并任教于后者數十年。1959年，在一場(chǎng)美國物理學(xué)會(huì )年會(huì )的演講上，費曼提出了在原子層面組織和操縱材料可能性的想法，我們今天稱(chēng)之為納米技術(shù)。
Feynman also participated in the Manhattan Project for the development of nuclear warheads and investigated the cause of the spacecraft Challenger crash, NASA's space shuttle that exploded during takeoff in 1986. He said the reason for its fall was a defect in the part fence of the propellants, which caused the explosion.
費曼還參與了開(kāi)發(fā)核彈頭的曼哈頓計劃，并調查了1986年美國宇航局挑戰者號航天飛機起飛時(shí)爆炸墜毀的原因。他說(shuō)墜落的原因是隔離推進(jìn)燃料的零件缺陷，進(jìn)而造成爆炸。
What Is the Feynman Technique?
什么是費曼技巧
Richard Feynman assures that there is a simple technique that helps you understand any subject. The Feynman technique is handy for those who wish to study for a competition, a college entrance examination, a certification exam or any other thing.
理查德·費曼保證說(shuō)有一種簡(jiǎn)單的技巧可以幫助你理解任何主題。費曼技巧對于那些想學(xué)習以參加競賽、高考、認證考試或其它任何情況的人們都十分方便。
In addition to winning the Nobel Prize, Feynman had an obscenely curious mind. He was a great science teacher, admired for his impressive ease in explaining complex concepts in a rather simple way.
除了贏(yíng)得諾貝爾獎，費曼還擁有一顆極強的好奇心。他是了不起的科學(xué)教師，人們欽慕他以特別簡(jiǎn)單的方式解釋復雜概念時(shí)的非凡從容。
As a physicist, he worked on the Manhattan project, as well as contributed to various branches of physics such as quantum computing, nanotechnology and particle physics.
作為物理學(xué)家，他曾從事于曼哈頓項目，還對物理學(xué)的多個(gè)分支有所貢獻，如量子計算，納米技術(shù)和粒子物理學(xué)等。
In physics, there are two types of knowledge: knowing the name of things and the other, knowing actually to know something.
在物理學(xué)中，有兩類(lèi)知識：知道事物的名稱(chēng)以及另一類(lèi)，知道實(shí)際去了解事物。
There is a sensational phrase from Feynman that says, “You may know the name of a bird in all the languages of the world, but in the end, you will know absolutely nothing about whatever the bird is. So, let's look at the bird and see what it does - that's what counts. I learned early enough the difference between knowing the name of something and knowing something.”
有一段來(lái)自費曼的妙語(yǔ)是這么說(shuō)的，“你可能知道世界上所有語(yǔ)言中某種鳥(niǎo)的名字，但到頭來(lái)，你對這個(gè)鳥(niǎo)是怎么樣的一無(wú)所知。所以，讓我們看看這只鳥(niǎo)并觀(guān)察它做什么——那才是重點(diǎn)。我早早就懂得了知道事物名相和了解事物的區別了?！?/p>
The recipe for real learning, according to him, is applied by observing the following four steps:
據他說(shuō)，真正學(xué)習的秘方是通過(guò)體察以下四個(gè)步驟來(lái)應用的：
1. Choose the subject of your preference and start dedicating time to that subject
選擇你偏愛(ài)的主題并開(kāi)始在上面花時(shí)間
In a notebook, write down everything you already know about the subject. Then, include the curiosities you discover and add them to the list.
在筆記本上寫(xiě)下你對這個(gè)主題已經(jīng)了解的所有情況。然后，加上你發(fā)覺(jué)好奇的內容并加到清單里。
2. Write as if you were talking to a child
用與孩童對話(huà)般的口吻書(shū)寫(xiě)
Use your child side in this step, explaining everything in the simplest possible way. Write as if you were talking to a child.
在這一步利用你的童心，用盡可能簡(jiǎn)單的方式解釋每件事。用與孩童對話(huà)般的口吻書(shū)寫(xiě)。
It sounds silly, but it's a crucial step in the technique. Avoid using any term that implies you already know something about it.
這聽(tīng)起來(lái)有點(diǎn)傻，但卻是技巧的關(guān)鍵一步。避免使用任何暗示著(zhù)你已經(jīng)對其有所了解的術(shù)語(yǔ)。
Use simple language! Be thorough and actually write everything you know about the concept that was chosen.
使用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言！要全面而切實(shí)寫(xiě)下你對所選概念知道的所有情況。
3. Return to the books and research more about the theme
到書(shū)本上對該主題進(jìn)行更多研究
In step two, you have included information, and it is very likely that some gaps have not entirely logged in. It is the moment when all the data should make sense to you.
在第二步中，你已經(jīng)包含了信息，而很可能有些差距還沒(méi)有被完全記錄下來(lái)。此時(shí)所有的數據對你來(lái)說(shuō)都應該說(shuō)得通。
If you realize that you still lack some information that allows you to understand the subject, go back to the books and look for it. Only when you can really explain the subject in a way, a child would understand, return to the original text and continue writing.
如果你意識到仍然缺少一些讓你理解該主題的信息，就回歸到書(shū)籍中去找尋。只有當你以孩童也能理解的方式解釋該主題的時(shí)候，再回到初始的文本上繼續書(shū)寫(xiě)。
4. Simplify it even more and use approximate topics for greater clarity of the subject
進(jìn)一步簡(jiǎn)化并使用近似的題目以使該主題更清晰
The review of the theme and the analogies will favor and make your understanding as clear as possible. In this step, it is important to read aloud, listen to what was written, and further simplify the topic.
對主題的回顧和類(lèi)比會(huì )有利于使你的理解極盡清楚。在這一步中，大聲讀，傾聽(tīng)所寫(xiě)下的內容并進(jìn)一步簡(jiǎn)化題目。
If you realize that the concept needs to be more understandable, do it. When reading aloud, try to observe if the explanation at some point was not easily understood.
如果你意識到該概念需要更易于理解，那就去做。大聲讀的時(shí)候，嘗試著(zhù)體察其解釋是否有時(shí)不易懂。
If this happens, it is a sign that something needs to be improved and maybe some information needs to connect better so that you can talk about it.
如果發(fā)生這種情況，那是有些東西需要改善的跡象，而且可能有些信息需要更好的聯(lián)系以使你能談?wù)撍?/p>
Does the Feynman Technique Work?
費曼技巧有用嗎？
This 4-step process of Feynman really is as simple as it sounds. This technique can be aptly described as a big fish in a rather small pond. This one technique is equivalent to a 1000 small techniques (fishes) and is apparently as effective as it sounds.
這四步費曼技巧的過(guò)程真的就像聽(tīng)起來(lái)那么簡(jiǎn)單。這個(gè)技巧可以恰當地被描述成很小池塘中中的一條大魚(yú)。這一個(gè)技巧相當于1000個(gè)小技巧（魚(yú)）而且顯然像聽(tīng)起來(lái)那么有效。
The best thing about the Feynman technique is that it takes us back to the simplified way of learning when we were five years old and looking at the world with fresh and untainted eyes. Using this technique, it is possible to connect with concepts on a deeper level and modify complex science subjects into seemingly easy concepts.
費曼技巧最好的地方在于其將我們帶回到我們五歲時(shí)學(xué)習的方式上，以新鮮和未受過(guò)污染的眼睛來(lái)看待世界。使用這個(gè)技巧，能將概念在更深層次上聯(lián)系起來(lái)，并將復雜的科學(xué)主題修改為看起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單的概念。
Feynman in one of his inspirational phrases says, “I was a normal person who studied hard.” Wouldn’t all of us like to be his “normal?”
費曼在他的一句鼓舞人心的話(huà)語(yǔ)中說(shuō)道，“我是個(gè)努力學(xué)習的普通人?！蔽覀冸y道不都想向他那樣“普通”嗎？
闡述之二：
There are four steps to the Feynman Learning Technique:
費曼學(xué)習技巧有四步：
1. Choose a concept you want to learn about
選擇你要學(xué)習的一個(gè)概念
2. Pretend you are teaching it to a student in grade 6
假裝你在將其教授給一名6年級學(xué)生
3. Identify gaps in your explanation; Go back to the source material, to better understand it.
識別你解釋中的差距；回到來(lái)源資料中去更好地理解它
4. Review and simplify (optional)
回顧并簡(jiǎn)化（可選）
***
If you’re not learning, you’re standing still. But how do we get feedback on what we’re learning? And how do we go about learning new subjects and identifying gaps in our existing knowledge?
不學(xué)習就不進(jìn)步。但我們如何從所學(xué)中獲得反饋？還有，我們如何著(zhù)手學(xué)習新主題并識別我們現有知識中的差距？
Two Types of Knowledge
兩類(lèi)知識
The famous Nobel winning physicist Richard Feynman understood the difference between knowing something and knowing the name of something, and it’s one of the most important reasons for his success. Most of us focus on the wrong type of knowledge. The first type of knowledge focuses on knowing the name of something — what it’s called. The second focuses on actually knowing something — that is understanding something.
獲得過(guò)諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎的著(zhù)名物理學(xué)家理查德·費曼明白，了解事物和知道事物的名相之間的區別，而這正是他成功的最重要原因之一。我們大多數人都關(guān)注于錯誤類(lèi)型的知識。第一種知識注重事物的名相——它叫做什么。第二種注重實(shí)際了解事物——那是理解事物。
Feynman created a formula for learning that virtually ensured he understood something better than everyone else. It’s called the Feynman Technique, and it can help you learn anything with greater understanding. Best of all, it’s incredibly easy to implement.
費曼創(chuàng )造了一個(gè)學(xué)習的公式，確保他比別人事實(shí)上更好的理解事物。它叫做費曼技巧，可以幫助你學(xué)什么都理解更深。最棒的是，它實(shí)施起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單得難以置信。
“The person who says he knows what he thinks but cannot express it usually does not know what he thinks.”
— Mortimer Adler
“說(shuō)他知道自己想什么但表達不出來(lái)的人，通常不知道自己在想什么?！?/p>
——莫提默·艾德勒
The Feynman Technique
費曼技巧
Step 1: Teach it to a child
第一步：教授給孩童
Take out a blank sheet of paper. At the top write the subject you want to learn. Now write out everything you know about the subject you want to understand as if you were teaching it to a child. Not your smart adult friend, but rather a 12-year-old who has just enough vocabulary and attention span to understand basic concepts and relationships.
拿出一張白紙。在頂部寫(xiě)下你想學(xué)習的主題。接下來(lái)寫(xiě)出你對該主題所希望了解的一切，如同你正將其教授給一個(gè)孩子。不是你聰明的成年人朋友，而是一個(gè)12歲孩子，他正好詞匯量夠大且有足夠的注意力來(lái)理解基本概念和關(guān)系。
It turns out that one of the ways we trick ourselves is that we use complicated vocabulary and jargon and it masks our lack of understanding.
原來(lái)我們欺騙自己的方法之一就是使用復雜的詞匯和術(shù)語(yǔ)，而這掩蓋了我們理解的缺乏。
When you write out an idea from start to finish in simple language that a child can understand, you force yourself to understand the concept at a deeper level and simplify relationships and connections between ideas.
當你將一個(gè)想法從頭到尾用孩子都能理解的簡(jiǎn)單語(yǔ)言寫(xiě)出來(lái)，你會(huì )強迫自己在更深層次上理解其概念，并簡(jiǎn)化想法之間的關(guān)系和連接。
Some of this will be easy. These are the places where you have a clear understanding of the subject. At other points, you will struggle. These are the points where you have some gaps in your understanding.
其中一些部分會(huì )很簡(jiǎn)單。這是你對該主題有著(zhù)清晰理解的地方。在其它地方，你會(huì )掙扎。這些是你在理解上有差距的地方。
Step 2: Review
第二步 回顧
Only when you encounter gaps in your knowledge—where you forget something important, are not able to explain it, or simply have trouble thinking of how variables interact—can you really start learning.
只有當你遇到知識上的差距時(shí)——即忘記了重要的東西，無(wú)法進(jìn)行解釋?zhuān)蛘邇H僅難以思考變量間的相互作用——你才真正的開(kāi)始了學(xué)習。
Now that you know where you got stuck, go back to the source material and re-learn it until you can explain it in basic terms. Only when you can explain your understanding without jargon and in simple terms can you demonstrate your understanding. This is the work required to learn, and skipping it leads to the illusion of knowledge.
既然你知道在哪里卡殼了，回到來(lái)源資料中去再次學(xué)習它，直到你可以用基本術(shù)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行解釋為止。只有當你可以不用行話(huà)而用簡(jiǎn)單術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋你的理解時(shí)，你才可以展示你的理解。這是學(xué)習所需的工作，繞過(guò)它會(huì )導致知識的假象。
Identifying the boundaries of your understanding also limits the mistakes you’re liable to make and increases your chance of success when applying knowledge.
識別你的理解邊界還會(huì )限制你易犯的錯誤，并在你應用知識時(shí)增加成功的機會(huì )。
Step 3: Organize and Simplify
第三步 組織和簡(jiǎn)化
Now you have a set of hand-crafted notes. Review them to make sure you didn’t mistakenly borrow any of the jargon from the source material. Organize them into a simple narrative that you can tell. Read it out loud. If the explanation isn’t simple or sounds confusing, that’s a good indication that your understanding in that area still needs some work.
現在你有了一套手寫(xiě)的筆記了?；仡櫵鼈円源_保你沒(méi)有錯誤地借用來(lái)源資料中的任何術(shù)語(yǔ)。將其組織成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單可講的敘述。大聲讀出來(lái)。如果解釋不簡(jiǎn)潔或聽(tīng)起來(lái)讓人糊涂，那么這很好地顯示了你在此處仍要努力。
If you follow this approach over and over, you will end up with a binder full of pages on different subjects. If you take some time twice a year to go through this binder, you will find just how much you retain.
如果你不斷遵循這個(gè)方法，你最后會(huì )得到一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)了不同題目的文件夾。如果你一年之中有兩次花點(diǎn)時(shí)間來(lái)瀏覽它，你就會(huì )發(fā)現自己還記住多少。
Step 4 (Optional): Transmit
第四步 傳輸
If you really want to be sure of your understanding, run it past someone (ideally who knows little of the subject –or find that 12-year-old!). The ultimate test of your knowledge is your capacity to convey it to another.
如果你真的想要確定你的理解，就把它講給別人聽(tīng)聽(tīng)（最好是對該主題沒(méi)什么了解的人，或者找到那個(gè)12歲的孩子?。?。對你知識的最終測試是你能將其傳遞給別人的能力。
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Not only is the Feynman Technique a wonderful recipe for learning, but it’s also a window into a different way of thinking that allows you to tear ideas apart and reconstruct them from the ground up.
費曼技巧不僅是一個(gè)很棒的學(xué)習妙訣，也是一個(gè)進(jìn)入新思考方式的窗口，讓你拆分概念并徹底地重組它們。
When you’re having a conversation with someone and they start using words or relationships that you don’t understand, ask them to explain it to you like you’re 12.
當你與人對話(huà)時(shí)，如果他們使用你不理解的詞匯和關(guān)聯(lián)，就讓他們把你當作12歲的孩子來(lái)解釋給你聽(tīng)。
Not only will you supercharge your own learning, but you’ll also supercharge theirs. Importantly, approaching problems in this way allows you to understand when others don’t know what they are talking about. (See Batesian Mimicry)
Feynman’s approach intuitively believes that intelligence is a process of growth, which dovetails nicely with the work of Carol Dweck, who beautifully describes the difference between a fixed and growth mindset.
你不僅會(huì )極大促進(jìn)你自己的學(xué)習，還會(huì )促進(jìn)別人的學(xué)習。重要的是，如此處理問(wèn)題，使得你明白何時(shí)別人不知所云。（譯注：貝氏擬態(tài)Batesian mimicry 是擬態(tài)的一種，該擬態(tài)使得一些無(wú)害的物種進(jìn)化出類(lèi)似另外一些有毒有害物種的外表，以此來(lái)躲避天敵。）費曼的方法直觀(guān)地相信智力是成長(cháng)的過(guò)程，這與卡蘿爾·德威克的研究完美契合，她巧妙地描述了固定型心智模式和成長(cháng)型心智模式之間的差別。
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