Struts 原理與實(shí)踐(5) - -
一個(gè)支持i18n的應用程序應該有如下一些特征:
1增加支持的語(yǔ)言時(shí)要求不更改程序代碼
2字符元素、消息、和圖象保存在原代碼之外
3依賴(lài)于不同文化的數據如:日期時(shí)間、小數、及現金符號等數據對用戶(hù)的語(yǔ)言和地理位置應該有正確的格式
4應用程序能迅速地適應新語(yǔ)言和/或新地區
Struts主要采用兩個(gè)i18n組件來(lái)實(shí)現國際化編程:
第一個(gè)組件是一個(gè)被應用程序控制器管理的消息類(lèi),它引用包含地區相關(guān)信息串的資源包。第二個(gè)組件是一個(gè)JSP定制標簽,,它用于在View層呈現被控制器管理的實(shí)際的字符串。在我們前面的登錄例子中這兩方面的內容都出現過(guò)。
用Struts實(shí)現國際化編程的標準做法是:生成一個(gè)java屬性文件集。每個(gè)文件包含您的應用程序要顯示的所有消息的鍵/值對。
這些文件的命名要遵守如下規則,代表英文消息的文件可作為缺省的文件,它的名稱(chēng)是ApplicationResources.properties;其他語(yǔ)種的文件在文件名中都要帶上相應的地區和語(yǔ)言編碼串,如代表中文的文件名應為ApplicationResources_zh_CN.properties。并且其他語(yǔ)種的文件與ApplicationResources.properties文件要放在同一目錄中。
ApplicationResources.properties文件的鍵/值都是英文的,而其他語(yǔ)種文件的鍵是英文的,值則是對應的語(yǔ)言。如在我們前面的登錄例子中的鍵/值對:logon.jsp.prompt.username=Username:在中文文件中就是:logon.jsp.prompt.username=用戶(hù)名:當然,在實(shí)際應用時(shí)要把中文轉換為AscII碼。
有了上一篇文章和以上介紹的一些基礎知識后。我們就可以將我們的登錄程序進(jìn)行國際化編程了。
首先,我們所有jsp頁(yè)面文件的字符集都設置為UTF-8。即在頁(yè)面文件的開(kāi)始寫(xiě)如下指令行:
,在我們的登錄例子中已經(jīng)這樣做了,這里不需要再改動(dòng)。
其次,將所有的request的字符集也設置為UTF-8。雖然,我們可以在每個(gè)文件中加入這樣的句子:request.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");來(lái)解決,但這樣顯得很麻煩。一種更簡(jiǎn)單的解決方法是使用filter。具體步驟如下:
在mystruts\WEB-INF\classes目錄下再新建一個(gè)名為filters的目錄,新建一個(gè)名為:SetCharacterEncodingFilter的類(lèi),并保存在該目錄下。其實(shí),這個(gè)類(lèi)并不要您親自來(lái)寫(xiě),可以借用tomcat中的例子?,F將該例子的程序節選如下:
package filters;import java.io.IOException;import javax.servlet.Filter;import javax.servlet.FilterChain;import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;import javax.servlet.UnavailableException;/** *
Example filter that sets the character encoding to be used in parsing the * incoming request, either unconditionally or only if the client did not * specify a character encoding. Configuration of this filter is based on * the following initialization parameters:
* * encoding - The character encoding to be configured * for this request, either conditionally or unconditionally based on * the ignore initialization parameter. This parameter * is required, so there is no default. * ignore - If set to "true", any character encoding * specified by the client is ignored, and the value returned by the * selectEncoding() method is set. If set to "false, * selectEncoding() is called only if the * client has not already specified an encoding. By default, this * parameter is set to "true". *
* *
Although this filter can be used unchanged, it is also easy to * subclass it and make the selectEncoding() method more * intelligent about what encoding to choose, based on characteristics of * the incoming request (such as the values of the Accept-Language * and User-Agent headers, or a value stashed in the current * user‘s session.
* * @author Craig McClanahan * @version $Revision: 1.2 $ $Date: 2001/10/17 22:53:19 $ */public class SetCharacterEncodingFilter implements Filter { // ----------------------------------------------------- Instance Variables /** * The default character encoding to set for requests that pass through * this filter. */ protected String encoding = null; /** * The filter configuration object we are associated with. If this value * is null, this filter instance is not currently configured. */ protected FilterConfig filterConfig = null; /** * Should a character encoding specified by the client be ignored? */ protected boolean ignore = true; // --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods /** * Take this filter out of service. */ public void destroy() { this.encoding = null; this.filterConfig = null; } /** * Select and set (if specified) the character encoding to be used to * interpret request parameters for this request. * * @param request The servlet request we are processing * @param result The servlet response we are creating * @param chain The filter chain we are processing * * @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs * @exception ServletException if a servlet error occurs */ public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException { // Conditionally select and set the character encoding to be used if (ignore || (request.getCharacterEncoding() == null)) { String encoding = selectEncoding(request); if (encoding != null) request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding); } // Pass control on to the next filter chain.doFilter(request, response); } /** * Place this filter into service. * * @param filterConfig The filter configuration object */ public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException { this.filterConfig = filterConfig; this.encoding = filterConfig.getInitParameter("encoding"); String value = filterConfig.getInitParameter("ignore"); if (value == null) this.ignore = true; else if (value.equalsIgnoreCase("true")) this.ignore = true; else if (value.equalsIgnoreCase("yes")) this.ignore = true; else this.ignore = false; } // ------------------------------------------------------ Protected Methods /** * Select an appropriate character encoding to be used, based on the * characteristics of the current request and/or filter initialization * parameters. If no character encoding should be set, return * null. *
* The default implementation unconditionally returns the value configured * by the encoding initialization parameter for this * filter. * * @param request The servlet request we are processing */ protected String selectEncoding(ServletRequest request) { return (this.encoding); }}
其中,request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding);是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵句子。
為了讓該類(lèi)工作,我們還要在web.xml文件中對它進(jìn)行配置,配置代碼如下:
Set Character Encoding filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter encoding UTF-8 Set Character Encoding /*
最后,就是準備資源包文件,我們以創(chuàng )建一個(gè)中文文件為例:
將ApplicationResources.properties文件打開(kāi),另存為ApplicationResources_zh.properties,這只是一個(gè)過(guò)渡性質(zhì)的文件。將文件中鍵/值對的值都用中文表示。更改完后的代碼如下:
#Application Resource for the logon.jsplogon.jsp.title=登錄頁(yè)logon.jsp.page.heading=歡迎 世界!logon.jsp.prompt.username=用戶(hù)名:logon.jsp.prompt.password=口令:logon.jsp.prompt.submit=提交logon.jsp.prompt.reset=復位#Application Resource for the main.jspmain.jsp.title=主頁(yè)main.jsp.welcome=歡迎:#Application Resource for the LogonAction.javaerror.missing.username=沒(méi)有輸入用戶(hù)名error.missing.password=沒(méi)有輸入口令#Application Resource for the UserInfoBo.javaerror.noMatch=沒(méi)有匹配的用戶(hù)#Application Resource for the UserInfoBo.javaerror.logon.invalid=用戶(hù)名/口令是無(wú)效的error.removed.user=找不到該用戶(hù)error.unexpected=不可預期的錯誤
使用native2ascii工具將上面文件中的中文字符轉換為ascii碼,并生成一個(gè)最終使用的資源文件ApplicationResources_zh_CN.properties。
具體做法是打開(kāi)一個(gè)dos窗口,到mystruts\WEB-INF\classes目錄下,運行如下語(yǔ)句:
native2ascii -encoding GBK ApplicationResources_zh.properties ApplicationResources_zh_CN.properties
生成的文件ApplicationResources_zh_CN.properties的內容如下:
#Application Resource for the logon.jsplogon.jsp.title=\u767b\u5f55\u9875logon.jsp.page.heading=\u6b22\u8fce \u4e16\u754c!logon.jsp.prompt.username=\u7528\u6237\u540d:logon.jsp.prompt.password=\u53e3\u4ee4:logon.jsp.prompt.submit=\u63d0\u4ea4logon.jsp.prompt.reset=\u590d\u4f4d#Application Resource for the main.jspmain.jsp.title=\u4e3b\u9875main.jsp.welcome=\u6b22\u8fce:#Application Resource for the LogonAction.javaerror.missing.username=\u6ca1\u6709\u8f93\u5165\u7528\u6237\u540derror.missing.password=\u6ca1\u6709\u8f93\u5165\u53e3\u4ee4#Application Resource for the UserInfoBo.javaerror.noMatch=\u6ca1\u6709\u5339\u914d\u7684\u7528\u6237#Application Resource for the UserInfoBo.javaerror.logon.invalid=\u7528\u6237\u540d/\u53e3\u4ee4\u662f\u65e0\u6548\u7684error.removed.user=\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8be5\u7528\u6237error.unexpected=\u4e0d\u53ef\u9884\u671f\u7684\u9519\u8bef
從這里可以看出,所有的中文字都轉換成了對應的Unicode碼。
現在,再運行登錄例子程序,您會(huì )發(fā)現它已經(jīng)是顯示的中文了。在瀏覽器的"工具"--"Internet選項"的"語(yǔ)言首選項"對話(huà)框中,去掉"中文(中國)"加上英文,再試登錄程序,此時(shí),又會(huì )顯示英文。這就是說(shuō)不同國家(地區)的客戶(hù)都可以看到自己語(yǔ)言的內容,這就實(shí)現了國際化編程的基本要求。如果還要顯示其他語(yǔ)言,可采用類(lèi)似處理中文的方法進(jìn)行,這里就不細講了。
本文中的例子程序所采用的數據庫仍然是MS SQLServer2000,數據庫字符集為gbk。實(shí)驗表明,對簡(jiǎn)、繁體中文,英文及日文字符都能支持。
參考文獻:
《Programming Jakarta Struts》Chuck Cavaness著(zhù)
《Mastering Jakarta Struts》James Goodwill著(zhù)