例1。 Larry, I can't give you an answer ____ I thinkit over," said joe.
before ?
until?
until如果用在肯定句中,則主句的動(dòng)詞必須是延續性動(dòng)詞。until是終點(diǎn),指這個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續到until的時(shí)間為止。
I waited until he came back 我一直等到他回來(lái)。
until用在否定句中,主句動(dòng)詞是非延續性動(dòng)詞(換句話(huà)說(shuō),如果主句動(dòng)詞是非延續的就要用否定),until是起點(diǎn),指這個(gè)動(dòng)作在until的時(shí)間才開(kāi)始
I didn't leave until he came back 直到他回來(lái)我才走
樓上I can only give you an answer until I think it over.這個(gè)句子是錯誤的。
在這道題里其實(shí)并不強調“我不給你答案”這個(gè)狀態(tài)的延續,而是強調在考慮之前“不能”給你答案,所以該用before,說(shuō)明先想想再告訴你
例2。
A.until he has come B.before he came
C.when he comes D.by he had come
until he has come 強調直到....才, 是一種臨界狀態(tài)
直到他回來(lái)我才完成作業(yè)
before he came 強調再他回來(lái)之前 我沒(méi)法完成作業(yè)
例3。 But it may still be many years ( )this problem could finallybe solved.
這道題選before。給的簡(jiǎn)析是“到這個(gè)問(wèn)題最終解決仍然還要許多年”,
例4。 ___can i go out paly with.....,mum?
__No, you can't ____your home work is being done.
before ?
until?
ago是指從這時(shí)算的,before指從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻向前推
after是指在......之后until與TILL差不多until和till兩者都可作介詞、連詞,一般情況下可以互換使用。用于肯定句時(shí),主句的動(dòng)詞只用延續性的,它所表示的動(dòng)作一直延續到till或until表示的時(shí)間為止,意為“直到……為止”;用于否定句時(shí),主句的動(dòng)詞一般是非延續性的,也可以是延續性的,它所表示的動(dòng)作直到till或until所表示的時(shí)間才發(fā)生,意為“直到……(才)”。如:
She watched TV until / till her mother cameback.
她看電視直到她母親回來(lái)。(看電視的動(dòng)作延續到母親回來(lái)才結束)
She didn”t watch TV until / till her mother cameback.
直到她母親回來(lái)她才(開(kāi)始)看電視。(看電視的動(dòng)作直到她母親回來(lái)才發(fā)生)實(shí)際上,只要我們把握住兩者使用時(shí)本身的含義及主句動(dòng)詞是終止性的,還是延續性的,肯定式,還是否定式兩大點(diǎn),就能容易地解決這類(lèi)問(wèn)題?,F詳細闡明如下:
一、在下列情況下,兩者可互換用,但含義略有不同。before表示“在……之前”的意思,強調時(shí)間先后關(guān)系;而until表示“直到……才”的意思,主句是肯定句則表示主句動(dòng)作的終止時(shí)間;主句是否定句則強調主句動(dòng)作的起始時(shí)間。
1.主句為否定式終止性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞是open,start,leave,arrive,finish,
stop等。例如:
(1)The noise of the street didn't stop until/before it wasmidnight.
(2)The children won't come back until/before it is dark.
(3)I didn't leave the lovely boy until/before his mother camehome.
2.主句為肯定式、延續性謂語(yǔ)詞,這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞用stand,stay,talk,be,wait等。例如:
(1)He lived with his parents until/before he graduated fromschool.
(2)I will wait until/before he comes to my help.
(3)I shall stay heer until/before you come back.
二、在下列情況下,用before不用until。
1.主句這肯定式、終止性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,只用before。例:
(1)He fell asleep before I could take off his clothes.
(2)We arrived there before it atarted to rain.
(3)The holiday came to the end befor I knew it.
(4)He almost knocked me down before he saw me.
2.主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞強調動(dòng)詞的遲緩性,只用before,常伴有時(shí)間段狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間段暗示。例:
(1)It was quite some time before he found the elephant atall.
(2)We had walked a long way before we found some water.
(3)We had sailed for two days before we saw the land.
(4)The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighterscould
countrol it.
(5)It was midnight before my brother came home.
(6)It was three months before they met again.
3.如果強調從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作未發(fā)生,就發(fā)生主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作,只用before。常譯為“未及”,“不”或“不等……就”。例:
(1)We can leave early in the morning before it gets too hot.
(2)I must write it down before I forget it.
(3)We do want to buy something now before prices go up.
4.表“與其說(shuō)……倒不如”,“與其……毋寧……”只用before。例:
(1)I would give up my job before I'd agree to be dismissed.
(2)He will die of hunger before he will steal.
5.在某些特定句型中用before。例如:
(1)It was not long before the whole country rose up.
(2)It will probably not be long before they understand eachother.
三、下列情況一般區別用until。
1.主句是持續性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),肯定、否定都可以,但意義完全不同??隙ū韯?dòng)作終止,而否定表動(dòng)作開(kāi)始。例如:
(1)We discussed the problem until/before he cameback.我們一直討論到他回來(lái)。
(2)We didn't discuss the problem until he cameback.我們一直等到他回來(lái)后才討論問(wèn)題。
2.not…until句型盡管在某些情況下可與before互換用,但在強調句中一般仍用until。
例如:
(1)It was not until he told me that I knew it.
(2)It was not until he finished his homework that he went home.
before 的用法歸納
before 可以和過(guò)去完成時(shí)連接。
一。 過(guò)去完成時(shí)主要有以下幾點(diǎn)用法:
1. 表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。句中常用by, before, when,until等詞引導的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。它是以過(guò)去某一時(shí)間為起點(diǎn),所以過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài),表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)間或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才能用到它。例如:
Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.當他到達晚會(huì )時(shí),他發(fā)現大多數客人已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。
2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續下去,常與for,since等詞連用。例如:
When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had been away for almost anhour. 當杰克到時(shí),他得知瑪麗已經(jīng)離開(kāi)快一個(gè)小時(shí)了。
3. 用于并列句:一個(gè)并列句用的是過(guò)去式,如果另一個(gè)并列句表示的動(dòng)作早于過(guò)去式這一動(dòng)作,這時(shí)需用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
Tom flew home, but his father had alreadydied.湯姆乘飛機回家,他的父親卻已經(jīng)去世了。
4. 某些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未實(shí)現的希望、計劃或打算。常用的動(dòng)詞有hope, expect, suppose, think,want, wish等。例如:
They had hoped to be able to arrive before ten.他們本來(lái)打算能在10點(diǎn)之前到達。
5. 在before, after, as soonas等引導的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間先后,所以可以用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
二。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法有哪些不同?
1. 在主從復合句中的用法不同
(1) 用在賓語(yǔ)從句中
在主句謂語(yǔ)為一般過(guò)去時(shí)的賓語(yǔ)從句中,既可用一般過(guò)去時(shí),也可用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。但兩種時(shí)態(tài)的意義明顯不同。試比較下列兩組句子:
She said she was a doctor. 她說(shuō)她是位醫生。(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)仍為醫生)
She said she had been a doctor.她說(shuō)她曾當過(guò)醫生。(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已不是)
She said she had been a doctor for twentyyears.她說(shuō)她當過(guò)20年的醫生。(主要強調說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已當過(guò)20年醫生,此狀態(tài)可能已經(jīng)結束,也可能還沒(méi)有)
但是,如果從句中有表示具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),則常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
He said he was born in 1986. 他說(shuō)他是 1986年出生的。
(2) 用在含有after的主從復合句中
在含有after的主從復合句中,一般在從句中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí),主句中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
After he had done his homework, he went out to play football.
因連詞after本身能明確表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系,因而多數的主句和從句均使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve hisEnglish.
(3) 用在含有before的主從復合句中
用在含有before的主從復合句中,一般在從句中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
Lily had written some letters before she went out shopping.
有時(shí),也可以在從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí),主句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí),這樣就可使描述更為生動(dòng)。試比較:
We got to the station before the train had left.火車(chē)尚未開(kāi)動(dòng)之前,我們就到了車(chē)站。
We had got to the station before the train left.火車(chē)開(kāi)出之前,我們就已經(jīng)到了車(chē)站。
像after一樣,before本身就能明確地表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系,故多數主從句均使用一般過(guò)去時(shí),而無(wú)需使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
Many people left for home before the filmended.電影尚未放完,許多人就起身回家了。
(4) 用在含有when的主從復合句中
由于when本身不能明確表示時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系,故先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作應用過(guò)去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這樣用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的可能是主句,也可能是從句。例如:
When all his money had been used up, Peter had to turn to a friendfor help. 當他的錢(qián)全都用光時(shí),彼得只好轉而求助于一個(gè)朋友。
有時(shí),主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后關(guān)系十分明確,兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著(zhù)發(fā)生,前一動(dòng)作導致后一動(dòng)作,這時(shí)兩者均用一般過(guò)去時(shí)即可。例如:
When the meeting was over, we left the hall. 散會(huì )后,我們就離開(kāi)了大廳。
2. 敘述幾個(gè)連續的動(dòng)作用法不同
在敘述兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用and, but,so或then等連接并按時(shí)間發(fā)生的先后順序敘述時(shí),只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
She entered the room, turned on the light and found everythingstolen.
I lost my pen but soon found it.
She lost her pen, so I lent her mine.
但是,如果兩個(gè)先后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作不是按時(shí)間的順序排列或敘述時(shí),為明確動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作就得用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
The farmers were in high spirits because they had got another goodharvest. 農民們興高采烈,因為他們又獲得了一次好收成。
3. 表示與過(guò)去還是現在相反的情況不同
一些表示心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞,如think, know, expect, mean, hope, want,suppose等,用一般過(guò)去時(shí)可表示存在于過(guò)去而非現在的心理活動(dòng)或事與愿違的情況。例如:
I didn't know you were here. 我不知道你在這兒。
而這些詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)則表示的是過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現的愿望、打算、想法或意圖等。例如:
We had hoped that you would be able to visit us. 我們原本希望你去看我們。
before 的用法歸納
1 作介詞
A.指時(shí)間.在……以前. e.g.
B.
C.
2
A.在……之前. e.g.
B.用于It
3 常于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 can / could連用: 還沒(méi)來(lái)得及……就……
e.g.
狀語(yǔ)叢句中before的用法
一、表示“在……之后……才”。副詞“才”在漢語(yǔ)中強調某事發(fā)生得晚或慢。如果在含有before從句的復合句中,強調從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生得晚或慢時(shí),就可以應用這種譯法。
二、表示“……還沒(méi)來(lái)得及……就……”。目的在于強調從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前,主句動(dòng)作已發(fā)生。
三、表示“在……之前就……”。這時(shí)主句與before從句中的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作按時(shí)間先后依次發(fā)生。
四、表示“趁……”,“等到……”,或 “沒(méi)等……就…… ”等。
五、用于句型“It + will/would be + 時(shí)間段 +before...”句型中,表示“要過(guò)多久才…”,也可用于“It + may be + 時(shí)間段 +before...”,表示“也許要過(guò)多久才……”。其否定形式“It will/would not be +時(shí)間段+before…”表示“不久就……,過(guò)不了多久就……”。
六、用于句型 “it was +時(shí)間段+ before …” 表示 “過(guò)了(多長(cháng)時(shí)間)才……”。其否定形式“ it wasnot +時(shí)間段+ before …” 意為“不久就……”, “沒(méi)過(guò)(多長(cháng)時(shí)間)就……”。
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