2013屆新課標高考英語(yǔ)精華知識點(diǎn)終極解密
專(zhuān)題06 動(dòng)詞不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式,在句中不能單獨作謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式具有動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),它可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),從而構成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。它還可以有形 式的變化,即一般式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式。同時(shí),動(dòng)詞不定式也具有非動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì),相當于一個(gè)名詞、形容詞或副詞,可以在句中擔任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補足 語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
一、 動(dòng)詞不定式的特征和種類(lèi)
動(dòng)詞不定式是由不定式符號to+動(dòng)詞原形構成,在某些情況下to也可省略。
A. 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。
He appears to be very happy. 他看起來(lái)好像很高興。(同時(shí)發(fā)生)
To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi. 為了趕上火車(chē),我們最好趕緊乘出租車(chē)去車(chē)站。(to catch the train發(fā)生在hurry to the station之后)
B.不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到達那里的時(shí)候,天碰巧在下雨。
I'm glad to be traveling with you. 我很高興和你一起旅游。
C. 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。
I'm sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的鑰匙弄丟了。
I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didn't feel very well. 我本來(lái)想昨晚完成工作的,但是我感覺(jué)身體不舒服。
It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 對我來(lái)說(shuō),被邀請來(lái)你們國家是一件很榮幸的事情。
D. 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)之前發(fā)生并且一直進(jìn)行著(zhù)。
He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 據說(shuō)他在倫敦一直住了20年。
I'm sorry to have been interrupting you. 很抱歉,我一直打擾你。
比較:
不定式的時(shí)態(tài)意義。
He is said to be studying abroad. 據說(shuō)他正在國外讀書(shū)。(不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行)
He is said to have studied abroad. 據說(shuō)他在國外學(xué)習過(guò)。(不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結束)
E. 不定式的被動(dòng)形式
當不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。不定式的被動(dòng)形式根據其與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系,有一般式和完成時(shí)兩種。
1.一般式 to be done
These are the books to be given out to the students. 這些是要發(fā)給學(xué)生的書(shū)。
He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed. 他要求被派往最需要他的地方。
2.完成式 to have been done
The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 據說(shuō)這部小說(shuō)已被譯成多種語(yǔ)言。
He appeared to have been questioned for many times. 看起來(lái)他已經(jīng)被詢(xún)問(wèn)過(guò)很多次了。
F. 不定式的否定形式
不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構成。
We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天氣不好,我們決定不出去。
Never to have made any mistake is impossible. 從不犯錯是不可能的。
注意:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義
I did not promise to wake him up. 我沒(méi)有答應叫醒他。
I promised not to wake him up. 我答應了不叫醒他。
二、 動(dòng)詞不定式的用法
動(dòng)詞不定式除了不能單獨作謂語(yǔ)外,幾乎能擔任句子中所有的句子成分。
A.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)
不定式具有名詞的特征,可在句子中充當主語(yǔ)。
1.不定式短語(yǔ)在句首作主語(yǔ)
To know oneself is difficult. 人貴有自知之明。
To say is one thing and to do is another. 說(shuō)是一回事,做又是另一回事。
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. 愛(ài)與被愛(ài)是一個(gè)人能獲得的最大幸福。
2.用it作形式主語(yǔ)
在很多情況下,人們通常用it作為形式上的主語(yǔ),而把不定式移到謂語(yǔ)之后,使句子結構顯得平穩一些。
It's rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer. 背對著(zhù)老師,拒絕回答問(wèn)題是不禮貌的。
It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort. 想不下苦功就能學(xué)會(huì )外語(yǔ)是不可能的。
It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time. 浪費了這么多時(shí)間,真是遺憾。
注意:
當主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式時(shí),不能用形式主語(yǔ)代替動(dòng)詞不定式。
To respect others is to be respected. 尊重別人就是尊重自己。
To become a slave is to give up one's freedom. 做奴隸就等于放棄自由。
B. 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)
不定式作表語(yǔ)可以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的具體內容或表示目的。
His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成為一名宇航員。
What he hoped was to be admitted into the university. 他希望能被大學(xué)錄取。
To live is to do something worthwhile. 活著(zhù)就是要做一些有價(jià)值的事情。
注意:
有些作表語(yǔ)的不定式,在結構上是主動(dòng)的,但在意義上卻是被動(dòng)的。
She is to blame. 她應該受到責備。
The house is to let. 此房出租。
The result is not long to see. 結果不久就會(huì )看到。
C. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)
不定式可以充當部分及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),也可以充當but和except等介詞的賓語(yǔ)以及形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。
1.作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)
①不定式可以充當部分及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。
Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父親喜歡靜靜地聽(tīng)音樂(lè )。
He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他寧愿餓死也不愿乞討。
I never thought to meet you here. 我沒(méi)想到在這里遇見(jiàn)你。
必背:
可接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:
afford負擔得起
agree 同意
aim以……為目標
ask 要求
attempt 嘗試
begin 開(kāi)始
care喜愛(ài)
choose決定
continue 繼續
decide 決定
desire 要求
determine決心
expect 期待
fail不能
forget 忘記
hate不愿
hope 希望
ntend 打算
manage設法
mean 打算
offer表示愿意
plan 計劃
prefer 寧愿
pretend 假裝
promise 答應
refuse 拒絕
remember記起
try努力
want 想要
wish希望
②在feel, find, make, think, consider等動(dòng)詞后,如果賓語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)時(shí),人們常常用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而把真實(shí)賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)之后。
I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. 我發(fā)現有可能不用計算機而解出這道題目。
She made it a rule to get up at five. 她養成了五點(diǎn)起床的習慣。
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我覺(jué)得被邀請在會(huì )上面對這么多學(xué)生發(fā)言是一件很光榮的事情。
③在表示“希望、打算”等動(dòng)詞(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的過(guò)去式后,可接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式來(lái)表示沒(méi)有實(shí)現的動(dòng)作。
I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我原想來(lái)拜訪(fǎng)你的,但沒(méi)來(lái)成。
I expected to have met him here last night. 我以為昨天晚上能在這里見(jiàn)到他。(但沒(méi)做到)
We meant to have stayed there a week. 我們原打算在那兒呆一個(gè)星期的。
I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so. 我原想寫(xiě)一封信給她,但忘記了。
提示:
表示“原打算、原以為”還可以用這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表達。
I had intended to call on you. 我原想來(lái)拜訪(fǎng)你的。
I had expected to meet him here last night. 我原以為昨天晚上能在這里見(jiàn)到他的。
We had meant to stay there a week. 我們原打算在那兒呆一個(gè)星期的。
2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ)
不定式可以作介詞but和except的賓語(yǔ)。
The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard. 老師除了叫他努力學(xué)習外,未做任何評價(jià)。
He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他沒(méi)有什么選擇,只好像往常一樣坐在那兒。
There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我們只能耐心等待。
3.作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)
不定式作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)有兩種句型,一個(gè)是句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),另一個(gè)是句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。
①句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)形容詞有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。
I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遺憾,他的情況每況愈下
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town. 她不滿(mǎn)足在一個(gè)小鎮里過(guò)默默無(wú)聞的生活。
John was happy to be given the job. 約翰得到這份工作很高興。
②句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)形容詞有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。
This problem is easy to solve. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題很容易解決。
The water is not fit to drink. 這水不適于飲用。
She is hard to get along with. 她這個(gè)人很難相處。
注意:在這種結構中,如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,則必須加上結構或含義所需的介詞。
The river is dangerous to swim in. 在這條河里游泳很危險。
A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on. 席夢(mèng)思床墊睡上去很舒服。
D. 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)
不定式可以在“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)”句型中充當賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)。在這一句型中,賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。
1.在表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ),并且不定式都不帶to。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有:see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。
I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他們唱歌了。
Did you see him go out 你看見(jiàn)他出去了嗎?
I felt something crawl up my leg. 我感到有什么東西爬到我腿上了。
注意:轉為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),原不帶to的不定式要變成帶to的不定式。notice和watch沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
We saw the car stop.
The car was seen to stop. 我們看見(jiàn)這輛車(chē)停了下來(lái)。n
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2.在使役動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ),不定式不帶to。
這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有:make, let, have等。轉為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),其后通常都用帶to的不定式(have沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))。
有些動(dòng)詞跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)時(shí)省去了to,這些動(dòng)詞有:
一感二聽(tīng)三讓四觀(guān)看。
一感:feel 二聽(tīng):hear,listen to 三讓?zhuān)簂et,have,make 四觀(guān)看:observe,see,watch.,look at
What would you have me do 你要我做什么?
She made him give up smoking. 她讓他戒了煙。
Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就讓他干吧。
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 雖然經(jīng)常是他弄哭小妹妹,但今天他卻被小妹妹弄哭了。
3.在表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后的不定式通常是“to be+形容詞或名詞”結構,think, consider, find后的to be??墒÷?。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我們認為他是一個(gè)好老師。
He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他證明那個(gè)理論是很重要的。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次見(jiàn)到她的時(shí)候就認為她人很好,很誠實(shí)。
4.在表示情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。
I'd prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打擾他。
I don't want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻煩。
5.動(dòng)詞advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面,多接不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)。
We don't allow such things to happen again. 我們不容許這種事情再發(fā)生。
Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. 大多數父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽煙。
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. 她請我在她不在的時(shí)候接電話(huà)。
Please remind me to leave her this note. 請提醒我留給她這張紙條。
She requested him to go with her. 她邀請他一同去。
注意:hope, demand, suggest等動(dòng)詞后面不能接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)。
【誤】I hope you to give me a hand.
【正】I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能幫我一把。
【正】I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能幫我一把。
【誤】He demanded me to be present at the meeting.
【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting. 他要求我們出席會(huì )議。
【正】He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我們出席會(huì )議。
【誤】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone.
【正】 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建議她不要獨自去那里。
6.動(dòng)詞不定式也可作一些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)。
I'm waiting for James to arrive. 我正等著(zhù)詹姆斯的到來(lái)。
He's arranged for a car to pick them up at the station. 他已安排了一輛汽車(chē)去車(chē)站接他們。
The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire. 聯(lián)合國號召交戰雙方遵守?;饏f(xié)定。
必背:
這些帶介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有:
call on 號召
arrange for 安排
ong for 盼望
wait for 等待
depend on 依靠
rely on 指望
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