B．unless
unless = if not, 表示反面條件，意思是如果不、除非。
They will go tomorrow unless it rains.
除非明天下雨，否則他們會(huì )去的。
（They will go tomorrow if it doesn't rain.）
I won't let you in unless you show me your pass.
如果你不出示通行證，我就不讓你進(jìn)來(lái)。
（= I won't let you in if you don't show me your pass. ）
注意：
if...not和unless通常是可以換用的。但在下列情況下，兩者是有區別的：
1．unless多引導真實(shí)條件句，if?not可以引導真實(shí)條件句或非真實(shí)條件句。
Hewon't be able to pass the final exams unless he works hard.
除非他努力，否則就通過(guò)不了期末考試。
He won't be able to pass the final exams if he doesn't work hard.
如果他不努力，就通過(guò)不了期末考試。
He would pass the final exams if he worked hard.
要是他努力的話(huà)，他就會(huì )通過(guò)考試。（非真實(shí)條件句。含義是He doesn'twork hard.）
2．如果主句描述的是情感或情緒活動(dòng)方面的內容，if?not結構不能換成unless。如：
I'll be quite glad if she doesn't come this evening.
她今晚如果不來(lái)我很高興。
3．unless引導的狀語(yǔ)從句可用否定結構，而if?not引導的從句不可再用否定結構。
Don't ask me to explain again unless you really don't understand.
不要再叫我解釋了，除非你真的不懂。
4．uless能作為介詞使用，相當于except，而if?not不可以。
Nothing will come out of it unless disaster.
這種事除非引起災禍之外不會(huì )有什么結果。
C．so long as, as long as, on condition that
這幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)意思差不多，都表示只要，條件是……。
AsSo long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我們灰心，我們就能找到克服困難的方法。
You may use the room on condition that so long as you clean it afterwards.
只要你用完后打掃干凈，你就可以使用這個(gè)房間。
D．in case
in case 既引導目的狀語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導條件狀語(yǔ)從句，等于if it happens that。
In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.
如果我忘了，請提醒我所做的承諾。
Send s a message in case you have any difficulty.
萬(wàn)一你有什么困難，請給我們一個(gè)信兒。
E．providing, provided that, supposing, suppose that, given that
這幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)意思相近，有如果，只要，假如等意思。
Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job.
考慮到他們缺乏經(jīng)驗，他們的工作已做得很好了。(that可以省略)
rovided Providing（that）we invite him, he would surely come to dinner.
假如我們邀請他的話(huà)，他肯定會(huì )來(lái)吃飯的。
SupposeSupposing we can't get enough food, what shall we do
假設我們弄不到足夠的食物，那我們怎幺辦？（僅用于疑問(wèn)句）
七、方式狀語(yǔ)從句
方式狀語(yǔ)從句是描述動(dòng)作方式的從句。方式狀語(yǔ)從句常由as, as if as though等詞引導，通常位于主句之。
A． as, just as
這兩個(gè)連詞的意思是如……，正如……一樣。just as 比as 語(yǔ)氣要強一些。
Do in Rome as the Romans do.
入鄉隨俗。
Leave things as they are.
讓一切順其自然。
Please do as you are told.
請按照人家告訴你做的去做。（也可說(shuō)Please do as told.）
Balloons float in the air just as boats do on the sea.
氣球在空中就如同船浮在海面上一樣。
注意：
在口語(yǔ)中，還可用like來(lái)代替as，引導一個(gè)方式狀語(yǔ)從句。
She is doing the work exactly like I want her to.
她正在完全按照我要她的那樣在做這項工作。
Do you make bread like you make cakes
你做面包的方法是不是和做點(diǎn)心一樣？
B．a(chǎn)s if, as though
由as if 或as though引導的狀語(yǔ)從句可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣表示可能符合事實(shí)的情況，也可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的過(guò)去式表示現在不符的或與事實(shí)相反的情況（見(jiàn)第3章虛擬語(yǔ)氣）。
She looks as if she is ill.
看上去她好象是生病了。
The boy plays piano as though he has a natural ear for music.
這孩子彈起鋼琴來(lái)家好象天生很懂音樂(lè )似的。
They talked loudly as if nobody were around.
他們大聲說(shuō)話(huà)仿佛周?chē)鷽](méi)人似的。
He acted as ifthough nothing had happened
他裝得似乎什么事也未發(fā)生過(guò)。
八、比較狀語(yǔ)從句
比較狀語(yǔ)從句由as, than引導。
A．a(chǎn)s...as, the same as
用于同等程度級的比較。否定句用not soas ? as, not the same ?as。
Our country is as big as the whole of Europe.
我們的國同整個(gè)歐洲一樣大。
The result was not asso good as I had expected.
結果不如我預料的那么好。
She works in the same building as my sister.
她和我的妹妹在同一大樓上班。
B．than
than表示不同程度級的比較
It rains mor often in Shanghai than in Beijing.
上海下的雨比北京的多。
He is two inches taller than his father.
= He is taller than his father by two inches.
他比他爸爸高兩英寸。
注意：
在比較從句中通常把和主句重復的部分省掉，如果把省略部分補上，而顯得累贅或不合乎習慣。
Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy is.
莉莉是一個(gè)不如露西那樣聰明的女孩。（如說(shuō)成：Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy is clever 顯得累贅）
The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale.
這孩子歌唱得同夜鶯般婉轉。
C．the more..., the more...
這是表示比例的比較，意思是越……就越……。第一個(gè)the more 也可以看成是一個(gè)條件。
The more you read, the better you understand.
你看的書(shū)越多，你懂得就越多。（= If you read more, you will understand better.）
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
他越忙越開(kāi)心。
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them.
問(wèn)題越困難，我就越可能回答。
必背：
一些常見(jiàn)的倍數比較句型。
His father is double twice his age.
他爸爸的年齡是他的兩倍。
His father is twice double as old as he (is).
他爸爸的年齡是他的兩倍。
Our new school is three times bigger than the old one.
我們的新學(xué)校比老學(xué)校大三倍。
Our new school is four times as big as the old ne.
我們的新學(xué)校是老學(xué)校的四倍大。
Our new school is four times the size of the old one.
我們的新學(xué)校是老學(xué)校的四倍。
九、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句表示在某種相反的條件下，主句中的情況依然會(huì )出現。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句由although, though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whether（是否）, no matter (who, wha, etc), even if, even though等詞引導。
A．a(chǎn)lthough, though
這兩個(gè)詞意思一樣，都解釋雖然，盡管。although比though正式。
1．a(chǎn)lthough指事實(shí)，多用于句首。多數情況下可與though換用。
Although he is young, he is very clever.
他盡管年輕，但很聰明。
Although his illness had prevented him from studying, he managed to pas the exam.
盡管病情妨礙了他學(xué)習，但他還是通過(guò)了考試。
It was an exciting game, although no goals were scored.
那是一場(chǎng)精彩的球賽，盡管一個(gè)球都沒(méi)進(jìn)。（although也可放在主句之后）
2．though既指事實(shí)，又指設想?？捎糜诰涫?、句中或句末。
Though he is poor, he is happy.
他雖然窮，但很快樂(lè )。
I haven't checked the information yet, though I thik it is correct.
我還沒(méi)有核實(shí)這份資料，但我認為它錯不了。
My house, though it is large, is also made of stone and wood.
我的房子雖然大，但是也是用石頭和木料搭成的。
提示：
有時(shí)though= and yet但是，然而，放在句子末尾，前面用逗號。
It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though.
那工作很苦，但是我喜歡干。
（= It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.）
3．hough從句有時(shí)可以倒裝，將從句中的一部分提置句首。（詳見(jiàn)第13章）
Child though he is, he knows a lot.
盡管他是個(gè)孩子，他懂得的東西卻很多。
（=Although he is a child, he knows a lot.）
Strange though it may look, it is true.
盡管看起來(lái)奇怪，但是卻是真的。
(= Though it looks strange, it is true.)
注意：
although, though不能與ut連用，但是可以與yet, still, nevertheless連用。
Although Though he blames me, yet I will trust him.
盡管他責怪我，但我還是愿意信任他。
Though he was hungry, still he would not eat.
盡管他餓了，但是他仍然不想吃。
B．even if, even though
這兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)氣比though, although強，解釋即使，兩者可以通用。
We won't be discourged even if though we fail ten times.
我們就是失敗十次也不泄氣。
Even if though you fail, you will have gained experience.
縱然你失敗，你也會(huì )得到一些經(jīng)驗。
C．while, whereas
這兩個(gè)詞也可引導讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，突出主句和從句的對比。
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
雖然我理解你的意思，但我還是不同意。
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
有些人喜歡肥肉，相反有些人討厭肥肉。
D．no matter (who, what, where, when, etc)
這幾個(gè)詞引導的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)氣十分強烈。
This is not true, no matter who says so.
不管誰(shuí)這么說(shuō)，都不對。
Do it no matter what others say.
不管別人怎么說(shuō)，盡管干。
No matter how bus he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙，他都每天堅持學(xué)習英語(yǔ)。
E．however, whatever, whenever, wherever
這些詞在意思上和用法上都等于no matter how what
Whatever happens may happen, we shall never lose hope.
無(wú)論發(fā)生什么，我們都不要失去信心。（有時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)詞與may連用）
However (=No matter how) expesive it may be, I'll take it.
無(wú)論它有多貴，我也要買(mǎi)下它。
Don't let them in, whoever (=no matter who) they are.
不管他們是誰(shuí)，別讓他們進(jìn)來(lái)。
F．whether...or (not) ...
whether...or (not) ...意思是不管……還是……。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 不管你信不信，這是真的。
Whether the weather is good orbad, they will set off as planned.
不管天氣是好還是壞，他們都要按計劃啟程。
提示：
也可直接用or來(lái)連接兩個(gè)相同結構來(lái)表示讓步。
Walking or sleeping, she always has the question in her mind.
無(wú)論走路還是睡覺(jué)，她總是想著(zhù)這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
G．a(chǎn)s
連詞as，同though一樣，也可以引導讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，但從句中要用特殊語(yǔ)序。
Young as he is, he knows a lot.
他雖然年輕，但懂得很多。(= Though he is young, he?.)
Cold as it is, the children play outdoors.
雖然天氣冷，但孩子們仍在戶(hù)外玩。
H．if
if 有時(shí)也可用于讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，相當于even if。
If he is por, he is at least honest.
盡管他窮，但至少他很誠實(shí)。
We'll go if it rains.
即使下雨我們也要去。
I'll do it if I die in the attempt.
即使會(huì )喪命我也要試一下。
注意：
有些時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步等狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果謂語(yǔ)含有動(dòng)詞be，主語(yǔ)又和主句中的主語(yǔ)一致，或者主語(yǔ)是it，常把從句中的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分（特別是動(dòng)詞be）省略掉。
Look out for cars when crossing the stret.
過(guò)街時(shí)當心車(chē)輛。
(= when you are crossing the street)
She hurriedly left the room as though angry.
她急匆匆地走出屋去，好象很生氣的樣子。
(= as thoughif she was were angry?)
If possible, I'd like to have two copies of it.
可能的話(huà)，我想要兩本。(= if it is possible,?)
She advised me not o say anything unless asked.
她勸我別說(shuō)什么，除非有人要我說(shuō)。
(= unless I was asked )
As a young man, he studied law and became a lawyer.
他年輕時(shí)就學(xué)了法律，并當了律師。
(= As When he was a young man,?)
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