【本文已發(fā)表于《高中生學(xué)習》2010年高二理科版第一期，并被多處轉載?！?/font>
先看實(shí)戰演練題：
Last week，Bill Gatesretired from full-tine．rime work at the world's biggest computersoftware company, Microsoft．He will remain chairman of the companyhe established with Paul Allen in 1975．
Mr. Gates leaves Microsoftat a time of change in the computing industry．Microsoft grew at atime when personal computers，or PCs，were replacing big mainframecomputers as the main computing tools．He showed that huge profitscould be made in software as PCs increasingly were found “on everydesk and in every home”.
Early on，Microsoftunderstood the importance of the “network effect”. That is,software is the kind of product that increases in value as morepeople buy and use it．
Now，free Internet softwarethreatens to replace PC-based software．Devices like “smart phones”connect people to the Internet．Google has become a 1eader inInternet Web searching and advertising．Microsoft has struggled tochange with the new computer environment．Its efforts to sell musicand its latest operating system，Vista，have not been bigsuccesses．And an attempt this year to buy Yahoo for overforty-seven billion dollars failed．
In the last severalyears，Bill Gates has slowly given control of Microsoft to others．Intwo thousand，he gave the job of chief executive officer to SteveBallmer, a friend of his since their years at HarvardUniversity．Mister Ballmer has been with Microsoft since nineteeneighty．Still，it is hard to overestimate the influence of Bill Gateson computing．He developed the business model that put the Windowsoperating system on about ninety percent of the world's one billionPCs．Microsoft now has almost ninety thousand employees．
At fifty—two yearsold，Bill Gates is currently the third richest man in the world．Heis worth about fifty-eight billion dollars．He remains Microsoft'sbiggest shareholder．
Mister Gates will nowspend most of his time working at his charity organization, theBill and Melinda Gates Foundation．The foundation is the world'slargest charity with over thirty-seven billion dollars．It providesmoney for health, education and other projects，mostly in developingcountries．
61．Bill Gates retired fromfull-time work in Microsoftbecause
A．he had earned enoughmoney
B．Google threatenedMicrosoft's leading place
C．PCs were out offashion
D．of a reason that was notmentioned
62．Microsoft grew at atimewhen
A．“smart phones” connectpeople to Internet
B．Vista was put intomarket
C．Personal Computers wereon every desk and in every home
D．Computers became themain computing tools
63．Microsoft's “networkeffect” probablymeans
A．the more people usePCs，the more software they will buy
B．the more people useInternet，the more money Microsoft can make
C．the better product, themore value
D．the later operatingsystem，the better software
64．From the passage, weknow _____.
A．Bill Gates set upMicrosoft on his own in 1975．
B．Bill Gates failed to buyYahoo．
C．Bill Gates was the chiefexecutive officer when he retired．
D．Bill Gates is therichest man in the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation．
【選材原因】這篇閱讀理解是湖北省百所重點(diǎn)中學(xué)2009屆高三年級第一次聯(lián)合測試題A篇，
經(jīng)過(guò)測試黃岡市重點(diǎn)高中浠水一中的學(xué)生，四道題目的正答率分別是61，66%,答案D；62，34%，答案C；63，30%，答案A；64，58%，答案B?？梢?jiàn)這是一篇難度較大的閱讀理解。另外，這篇閱讀理解很具有典型性，因為文章的內容同學(xué)們是比較熟悉的，卻偏偏做不到題—這種現象最可怕?？磥?lái)學(xué)生還是缺乏某些做閱讀理解題的技能，所以這篇閱讀理解很值得研究分析。
對于閱讀理解題的如何設問(wèn)、題目類(lèi)型、基本解題思路等知識，想必同學(xué)們早已熟悉，所以本文就不談?wù)撨@些東西了。下面我就結合上面的材料講講做閱讀理解題的實(shí)戰技巧“四步走”：
一、
定區間是什么意思呢？定區間就是確定題目答案在短文中可能出現的大概位置。
一篇閱讀理解通常有3-4個(gè)問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題的設置通常也是按照文章的先后順序排列的，也就是說(shuō)，命題者不會(huì )故意把答案出現在末尾的題目放在開(kāi)頭。另外，一篇閱讀材料不是每一句話(huà)、每一段話(huà)都重要，所以定區間的能力很重要。定好區間能夠迅速找到問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵所在，有的放矢，從而高效地解決問(wèn)題。
那么如何定區間呢？
定區間是由問(wèn)題來(lái)決定的，所以做閱讀先要看一下問(wèn)題?？磫?wèn)題不是要把問(wèn)題全部仔細看一遍，通常瀏覽一下標題即可。
看了問(wèn)題定區間就并不很難了。猜詞義、句意的題目的區間就是該詞、句的前后。例如上面的63題，區間就是第三段。有的閱讀理解題目說(shuō)得很清楚：Whatcan we learn from the first paragraph? 這樣的題目顯然問(wèn)第幾段，第幾段就是區間。
其它的題目可以抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞或片斷，通常在原文中可以找到相同的部分，例如62題，Microsoft grew at atime…當閱讀時(shí)，讀到文章第二段第二句Microsoft grew at a time when…的時(shí)候，大家一定能知道這就是此題的區間了。
定好區間我們就可以做第二步。
二、
細閱讀就是定好區間后，針對問(wèn)題仔細閱讀，尋求正確的答案。如何細閱讀呢？
長(cháng)句子要認真分析，重點(diǎn)地方用筆在卷子上劃一劃。
很多閱讀理解題就是以長(cháng)難句作為依據考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力的，例如湖北09年高考試題53，58，59，65題都要求考生理解長(cháng)難句才能做出正確的選擇。上面材料中62題盡管也算長(cháng)難句，但遠不及今年高考題句子長(cháng)、難。不過(guò)我們還是以此為例簡(jiǎn)單介紹如何分析長(cháng)難句：找主干，刪枝葉。
找主干即確定句子的主要成分主、謂、賓語(yǔ)，抓住句子的核心部分（打蛇打七寸）?？梢杂勉U筆把枝葉用斜線(xiàn)劃去，在句子下面把主干畫(huà)出來(lái)：Microsoftgrew when personal computers were replacing big mainframecomputers.可見(jiàn)解決問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵詞是personal computers。很多同學(xué)沒(méi)有分清主干，誤把狀語(yǔ)as themain computing tools做主干，從而誤選了C項（占30%）。
三、
為了確保所作出的選項的正確性，我們還需要排除其它的三個(gè)選項，這好比數學(xué)里的驗算，稱(chēng)之為排差異。下面以64題為例加以說(shuō)明：
根據第四段末句可知答案為B。但我們還要排除另外三項：A．錯在蓋茨是與Paul Allen一起建立微軟的；根據第五段he gavethe job of chief executive officer to Steve Ballmer可知C錯了；根據第六段…thethird richest man可知D項錯了。這樣做就是雙保險，進(jìn)一步證明選B項的正確性。
四、
上面所說(shuō)的做第一步和第二步耽誤了我們不少時(shí)間，為了提高閱讀速度，保證按時(shí)完成任務(wù)，我們必須提高速度。如何提高呢？就是在定了區間之后，其它的段落和句子要采取掃描法（scan）甚至是跳讀法（skip）。
上面這篇閱讀理解，問(wèn)題的答案主要在開(kāi)頭幾段，后面幾段我們就要加速度，迅速瀏覽一下就行了。
總之，閱讀理解要講究方法，要有輕重緩急，不可死板硬套。當然，別人好的學(xué)習方法不經(jīng)過(guò)實(shí)際操作和融會(huì )貫通就不會(huì )成為指導自己前進(jìn)的法寶，正如光看游泳書(shū)不下河游泳一樣。同學(xué)們在做閱讀訓練的時(shí)候，要養成良好的閱讀習慣。平時(shí)遇到做錯了的閱讀理解題一定要多琢磨、多反思，糾正自己的思維誤區，只有不斷地反思和總結才能逐步提高自己的閱讀水平，減少考試時(shí)的失誤。
下面這篇閱讀理解是湖北省黃岡中學(xué)2009屆高三第二次模擬考試試題B篇，請大家按照上面講的方法學(xué)習體驗：
◆Teachers Needed: Tarrytown, NY, USA◆
ESL Teachers needed for EF International School of English inTarrytown, NY. Students are adults from over 25 differentcountries.
●TESOL certificate, DELTA, CELTA preferred
●Must love to teach
●Have some computer skills and be a team player
●Teachers are a combination of experienced and new teachers
●Local candidates preferred
●Posted By: EF International Language School of English
●Donald. Dwyer@ef.com
◆Several Positions for EnglishTeachers◆
We are advertising for oral English teachers as well as scholarsand experts who can teach such courses as English Writing, EnglishLiterature and the Survey of Britain and America, etc.
The applicants are supposed to meet the followingrequirements:
﹡Having a related Bachelor's degree at least
﹡Having related teaching experience
﹡Having a Certificate of Teaching English as a Foreign or SecondLanguage
﹡Under the age of 40
﹡Being good at cooperating with other Chinese colleagues
﹡Good computer skills
If anyone is interested, please contact:
E-mail: tswagqi384@ihko.com; wuhq-1832-hkut@uyga.com
◆English Teacher Wanted◆
●Responsibility: Conduct English teaching according to Britisheducation system.
●Requirements:
●University degree and above in English or normal English
●Eager to learn and open-minded with creativity
●Deep understanding and respect for different cultures
●Strong teamwork spirit
●Related working experience is a must
●Basic computer skills
●E-mail: acereqi298@ctay.com
55．If you have just graduated from auniversity, you should make contact with_____.
A. tswagqi384@ihko.com
C. Donald. Dwyer@ef.com
56．Which of the following is NOT the commonrequirement for the applicants in the ads? ____
A.Certificate.
57．If you want to apply a position, you can________.
A. go there and make a telephone call at any time
B. get more information on the Internet
C. tell them how much money you want for your work
D. post a letter to introduce yourself
58．If you want to apply a position in EF International LanguageSchool of English, in your resume (簡(jiǎn)歷) you should especiallysay
A. you are from NewYork
C. you have much workingexperience
【答案】：55，C，正答率35%；56，B，正答率89%；57，D，正答率88%；58，A，正答率30%，根據第一則廣告：Localapplicants preferred可選。定區間：第一則廣告最重要，它解決了55，58題。
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