《牛津英語(yǔ)用法指南》(第三版)第103頁(yè)72 as, because, since和for
這四個(gè)詞都可以用來(lái)表示原因。但它們的用法不同。
1——as和since
如果原因已為聽(tīng)者/讀者所知,或者它們不是句子里最重要的部分,就用as或since。as從句和since從句常常放在句首。
As it’s raining again, we’ll have to stay at home.
因為又下雨了,所以我們只好待在家里。
Since he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.
由于他沒(méi)繳電費,他被斷了電。
as從句和since從句都是比較正式的說(shuō)法;在非正式文體中,同樣的意思往往用so來(lái)表示。
It’s raining again, so we’ll have to stay at home.
因為又下雨了,所以我們只好待在家里。
2——because
because更強調原因,經(jīng)常用來(lái)引出聽(tīng)者/讀者所不知道的新信息。
Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.
因為我病了六個(gè)月,所以把工作丟了。
如果原因是句子里最重要的部分,通常將because從句放在句末。
because從句也可以獨自成句。since和as則不能這樣用。
Why am l leaving? I’ll leaving because I’m fed up!
我為什么要走呢?我要走,是因為我待夠了!
(不能說(shuō):…I’m leaving as/since I’m fed up!)
Why are you laughing? ~Because you look so funny.
你為什么笑呀?!因為你樣子很滑稽。
because從句可以用來(lái)說(shuō)明獲知某事的方式。
You didn’t tell me the truth, because I found the money in your room.
(=…I know because I found…)
你沒(méi)有說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà),因為我在你屋里找到了那筆錢(qián)。
3——for
for引出的是新信息,但它暗示所給的原因是后來(lái)想到的。
for從句幾乎可以放在括號里,且從不放在句首,也不能單獨成句。
for的這種用法,在正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中最為多見(jiàn)。
I decided to stop and have lunch—for I was feeling hungry.
我決定停下來(lái)吃飯——因為我覺(jué)得餓了。
《牛津實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》第四版第506頁(yè)
由as/because/since引導的原因從句
We camped there as/because/since it was too dark to go on.
我們在那里露營(yíng)是因為太黑,不能再繼續往前走了。
As/Because/Since it was too dark, we camped there.
因為天太黑不能再繼續往前走,我們就在那兒露營(yíng)了。
in view of the fact that可用as/since/seeing that來(lái)表示,但不能用because:
As/Since/Seeing that you are here, you may as well give me a hand.
既然你在這兒,你就幫我個(gè)忙吧。
As/Since/Seeing that Tom knows French, he’d better do the talking.
既然湯姆懂法語(yǔ),最后讓他來(lái)談。
在as/since/seeing that意指以前共知的或共知的陳述時(shí),可用if來(lái)代替:
As/Since/Seeing that/If you don’t like Bill, why did you invite him?
既然/如果你不喜歡比爾,你為什么邀請了他?
《劍橋高級英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》第166頁(yè)
because可用用作句子的開(kāi)頭。
Because everything looked different, I had no idea where to go.
在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)中多用because給出原因。
Because my mother’s arrived, I won’t be able to meet you. (because給出原因)
如果用since,句子的語(yǔ)氣相當正式。在對話(huà)中不常用,但在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作中,這種用法很常見(jiàn)。
I had to go outside because I was feeling awful. (在非正式場(chǎng)合不用since)
The results of this analysis can be easily compared to future observation since satellite coverage will remain continuous. (在正式語(yǔ)境中比because更為常用)
在正式的或文學(xué)性的書(shū)面英語(yǔ)中可以用for。for可以代替because,但比較正式。
We must begin planning now, for the future may bring unexpected changes.
(而不用For the future…, we must…這里for意為because)
《現代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》(趙俊英主編)第1339頁(yè)
because從句表示直接原因時(shí),可用于強調句,作強調的中心,since和as引導的原因狀語(yǔ)從句不能用于強調句型。
She didn’t go with us because she was ill. 她因病未同我們一起去。
He must be punished because he was behaved so badly.
他必須受到懲罰,因為他表現太壞。
上述句子可以分別改寫(xiě)為:
It was because she was ill that she didn’t go with us.
It is because he has behaved so badly that he must be punished.
for用作并列連詞引導的分句有時(shí)也表因果關(guān)系,與because從句意義相同。
所以一般情況下,表原因時(shí)for與because可以互換使用。
He could not have seen me, for/because I was not there.
他不可能看見(jiàn)我,因為我沒(méi)有在那里。
She was not helpless, for/because she had money of her own.
他不會(huì )無(wú)依無(wú)靠,因為她自己有錢(qián)。
但是for分句只能位于第一分句之后,because從句多位于主句之后,有時(shí)為了強調,也可以位于句首。for分句表示的原因往往提供上文未交代過(guò)的情況,對前邊分句的內容加以解釋或述說(shuō)間接原因,并常常是推測性理由,不能用來(lái)回答why的問(wèn)題。這時(shí),for與because通常不能互換使用。
It must have rained last night, for the road is wet this morning.
昨天夜里一定下過(guò)雨,因為今天早晨路是濕的。
在引導原因狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),as不如because和since語(yǔ)氣強,所引導的從句多位于主句之前,用來(lái)說(shuō)明原因。有時(shí)也位于主句之后,偶爾位于中間。這種原因或理由通常較為明顯,已為聽(tīng)話(huà)人所熟悉,不需加以強調,所以使用as時(shí),著(zhù)重點(diǎn)在主句,原因或理由只是附帶說(shuō)明,不能回答why的問(wèn)題,多用于日常談話(huà)中。
As truth is like the sun, it cannot be shaded by one’s palm.
(諺)真理像太陽(yáng),一手難遮擋。
As you make your bed, so you must lie on it. (諺)自食其果。
as引導原因狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)用倒裝語(yǔ)序,講表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、現在分詞、過(guò)去分詞提到句首:
Situated as it was at the foot of the mountain, the house was very quiet.
由于那座房子位于山腳下,所以很安靜。
Hard as he studied, he passed the test with ease.
由于他學(xué)習努力,所以很輕松地通過(guò)了考試。
Writing hurriedly as she was, she didn’t notice the spelling errors.
由于寫(xiě)得匆忙,她未注意到拼寫(xiě)錯誤。
since既然(since比as略重,稍微正式,比because弱,但略隨便,松弛。所引導的從句位于主句前后皆可。全句著(zhù)重主句,從句只附帶說(shuō)明原因或理由。所表原因是稍加分析所推測的原因理由,且多少是對方已知悉而不言的。)
Since everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion.
既然大家都已到達,咱們就開(kāi)始討論吧。
Since this method doesn’t work, let’s try another.
既然這個(gè)方法不可行,咱們試試另一個(gè)吧。
It is useless to ask him since he doesn’t intend to do it.
問(wèn)他也無(wú)用,因為他不想干此事。
for和because
這兩個(gè)詞意思很相近,通常是可以互換使用的。為了安全起見(jiàn),最好用because引導從句,因為同because引導的從句相比,for引導的從句(英文中稱(chēng)為for-clause)的用法收到某些限制:
for引導的從句不能位于它所解釋的動(dòng)詞之前:
Because it was wet he took a taxi.
因為下雨了,他叫了一輛出租車(chē)。(這里不能用for。)
for引導的從句不能位于not,but或任何連詞之后:
He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.
他偷東西,并不是因為他想要錢(qián),而是他有這種毛病。(這里不能用for。)
for引導的從句不能用于回答問(wèn)題:
—Why did you do it?
—I did it because I was angry.
—你為什么這么做?
—因為我生氣才這么做的。(這里不能用for。)
for引導的從句不能單單用來(lái)復述已講過(guò)的話(huà),而必須包括新的內容:
He spoke in French. She was angry because he had spoken in English.
他講法語(yǔ)。因為他講法語(yǔ),她生氣了。(這里不能用for。)
之所以有這些用法上的限定,其理由是for引導的從句不能直接說(shuō)明某一特定動(dòng)作發(fā)生的原因,而只能提供一些起幫助解釋作用的附加說(shuō)明。
The days were short, for it was now December. 天短了,現在已是12月了。
He took the food eagerly, for he has eaten nothing since dawn.
他狼吞虎咽地吃了起來(lái),因為他從天亮起就沒(méi)吃過(guò)東西。
When I saw her in the river I was frightened. For at that point the currents were dangerous.
我看見(jiàn)她在河里時(shí),嚇壞了。那個(gè)地方水流非常危險。
在口語(yǔ)中,for從句前常稍停一下。在筆語(yǔ)中,在此處常有一個(gè)逗號。有時(shí)也用一個(gè)句號斷開(kāi),如最后一個(gè)例子所示。上面三個(gè)例句中也可用because,但用for更好些。
《新編高級英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》(章振邦主編)第501頁(yè)
because與連詞for同義,都既能表示因果關(guān)系,也能對所陳述的情況提供補充說(shuō)明。表示因果關(guān)系時(shí),because和for可以替換使用。例如:
He could not have seen me, for/because I was not there.
She was not helpless, for/because she had money of her own.
The old lady doesn’t go out in the winter, for/because she feels the cold a great deal.
The ground is wet, for/because it rained last night.
只是for-分句的位置固定在主句之前,而because-分句的位置卻比較靈活。
還有,because-分句的使用率較高,不拘語(yǔ)體都可使用,而for-分句卻只用于正式語(yǔ)體;當because和for表示補充說(shuō)明時(shí),兩種分句都只能位于主句之后,所不同的只是for-分句限于正式語(yǔ)體。例如:
It will rain, for/because the barometer is falling.
It is morning, for/because the birds are singing.
It was not yet daylight, for/because the candle was still burning.
They apparently have a good drainage system, for/because the streets never seem to flood after a downpour. (暴雨之后街道從不淹水,說(shuō)明它們排水系統好。)
除語(yǔ)體和位置外,作為原因狀語(yǔ),for-分句和because-分句還有以下區別:
because-分句可以單獨回答why-分句,而for-分句不可以。例如:
A: Why are you so busy?
B: Because there is such a lot to be done.
但不可以說(shuō):For there is a lot to be done.
作為原因狀語(yǔ),because-分句之前可帶并列連詞或強調詞,而for-分句不可以。例如:
The doctor looks tired and sleepy simply because he sat up all night with the patient.
The doctor looks tired and sleepy not because he isn’t feeling well, but because he sat up all night with the patient.
連詞for可以引導一個(gè)獨立的句子,為上午陳述的情況說(shuō)明原因或提供理由,而because通常引導從屬分句,除用以回答why問(wèn)句外,because-分句通常較少單獨出現。例如:
When I saw her in the river, I was frightened. For at that point the current was dangerous.
《朗文英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》(L. G. 亞歷山大編著(zhù)) 第46頁(yè)1.48.2
原因從句和主句的相對位置
照一般規律,我們想強調什么(原因從句還是主句),就把什么放在句尾。
我們常常把as或since放在句首,這是因為它們所表明的原因對于講話(huà)對象可能是已知的,因此沒(méi)有必要再予以強調:
As/Since you can’t type the letter yourself, you’ll have to ask Susan to do it for you.
既然你自己不能用打字機打這封信,那你就請蘇珊替你打吧。
because一般跟在主句后面是為了強調講話(huà)對象可能不知道的原因,例如:
Jim’s trying to find a place of his own because he wants to feel independent.
吉姆在設法找一個(gè)屬于他自己的住處,因為他想要有自立感。
because任何時(shí)候都可以代替as, since和for,來(lái)說(shuō)明一種或幾種原因;反之,后者則不一定總能代替because。
《朗文英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》(L. G. 亞歷山大編著(zhù)) 第20頁(yè)1.20.5原因:for
We rarely stay in hotels. We can’t afford it. 我們很少住旅館。我們住不起。
We rarely stay in hotel, for we can’t afford it. 我們很少住旅館,因為我們住不起。
for為所陳述的事說(shuō)出原因。它與because不同,不能用于句首。在for后面,必須重復主語(yǔ)。for的這種用法在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中較為常見(jiàn)。
2017年7月22日
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