主謂一致
在英語(yǔ)句子中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和數上要跟主語(yǔ)保持一致。主謂一致關(guān)系應遵循三項原則：語(yǔ)法形式上一致、語(yǔ)言意義上一致和就近一致原則。
一、語(yǔ)法形式上一致原則
語(yǔ)法形式上一致是指主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須在語(yǔ)法形式上保持一致關(guān)系，也就是說(shuō)：主語(yǔ)是單數時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式;主語(yǔ)是復數時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應該用復數形式。如：
Kate likes watching TV.凱特喜歡看電視。
除上述基本的語(yǔ)法形式一致外，還必須掌握如下幾種情況：
1. 代詞each, another, the other, either, someone, somebody, every?鄄one, everybody, anyone, anybody, something, anything, nothing, no one等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱(chēng)單數形式。如：
No one knows that fact.沒(méi)有人知道那個(gè)事實(shí)真相。
Someone is asking for you.有人在找你。
2. “each / every+單數可數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如：
Each student has an English-Chinese dictionary.每位學(xué)生都有一本英漢詞典。
3. “one of +代詞/復數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式;但是“one of + 代詞/復數名詞”后跟有定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式;而“the one / the only one of +代詞/復數名詞”后跟有定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞卻要用單數形式。如：
John is one of the students who have passed the test.約翰是這些已通過(guò)這次考試中的一個(gè)。
He is the only one of the boys who hasn’t been to Beijing.他是這些男孩中唯一一個(gè)沒(méi)去過(guò)北京的。
4. 主語(yǔ)后面跟有with, as well as, like, together with, including, but, except, rather than, besides等起連接作用的詞帶有他們的單、復數名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應與主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)、數相一致。如：
Mary, as well as her parents, is in China now.瑪麗以及她的父母在中國。
5. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(動(dòng)名詞、不定式)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數形式。如：
To learn English well is not easy.學(xué)好英語(yǔ)并不容易。
6. 名詞性從句以及“疑問(wèn)代詞/副詞+不定式”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數形式。如：
When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown. 在何時(shí)何地召開(kāi)這次會(huì )議尚不清楚。
7. “one and a half+復數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數形式。如：
One and a half years has passed.一年半的時(shí)間已過(guò)去了。
8. “more than one +單數名詞”，盡管意義上表示“許多”，但其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也用單數形式。如：
More than one person has had the idea.不止一個(gè)人想出了這個(gè)主意。
9. 數詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式;表示“加減乘除”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數形式也可用復數形式。如：
Nine is an odd number. 9是奇數。
10. and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式。如：
Both Li Lei and Li Hua are League members.李雷和李華都是共青團員。
11. both, all, few, several, many等修飾可數名詞的復數形式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式。如：
All his friends have come.他所有的朋友都來(lái)了。
12. 在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應根據后面的主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)、數上保持一致。如：
Here comes a bus.一輛公共汽車(chē)來(lái)了。
二、語(yǔ)言意義上一致原則
語(yǔ)言意義上的主謂語(yǔ)一致原則是指從意義上著(zhù)眼來(lái)處理主謂語(yǔ)一致關(guān)系。當主語(yǔ)在形式上是單數，意義上是復數時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復數形式;當主語(yǔ)在形式上是復數而意義上是單數時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數形式。意義一致性原則包括如下幾點(diǎn)：
1. 集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)如：family,
team, class, public, group等，如果作為一個(gè)單位(整體)看待，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式;如果作為整體中的各個(gè)成員看待時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式。如：
Our class is on the second floor, and our class work hard. 我們班在二樓，我們全班同學(xué)學(xué)習都很努力。
2. 表示總稱(chēng)意義的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)如：people, clothes, police等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式。如：
The cattle are eating grass on the hillside over there.牛兒正在那邊的山坡吃草。
3. maths (mathematics), physics, politics, news, works(工廠(chǎng))等名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如：
Physics is interesting to learn. 物理學(xué)起來(lái)很有趣。
4. “分數 + of + 復數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式;但“分數 + of +不可數名詞/單數可數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數形式。如：
2/3 of the workers are from Japan.三分之二的工人來(lái)自于日本。
1/4 of my homework has been finished.我已完成功課的四分之一。
5. 由復數名詞構成的國名、書(shū)刊、作品的名稱(chēng)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如：
The United Nations was formed in 1945.聯(lián)合國成立于1945年。
6. 表示“金錢(qián)、時(shí)間、距離、重量”等名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如：
Ten days is enough. 十天足夠了。
7. “the + 形容詞(或由分詞演變而來(lái)的形容詞)”作主語(yǔ)，表示“一類(lèi)人”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式;若指具體的某個(gè)人時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如：
The wounded are still in hospi?鄄tal. 傷員們仍在住院。
8. “the rest / part / half / most /all of + 復數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復數形式;若“the rest / part / half / most / all of +不可數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數形式。如：
The rest of these apples have been sent to Mr. Green.其余的蘋(píng)果已送給格林先生。
The rest of the housework is usually done by me.剩下的家務(wù)事常由我做。
9. all作主語(yǔ)，如果指代人或可數名詞含有復數意義時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式;如果指代抽象性事物時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數形式。如：
All are here. 大家都在這兒。
All is going on well.一切進(jìn)展順利。
10. “none of +不可數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式，“none of + 代詞/復數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數形式也可用復數形式。如：
None of us knows/know how to work out the problem.我們無(wú)人知道該怎樣解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
11. trousers, shoes, boots, glass?鄄es(眼鏡),socks, gloves等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數形式;若這些名詞被this / a pair of修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數形式。如：
Her trousers are black. 她的褲子是黑色的。
This pair of trousers doesn’t fit me.這條褲子我穿不合適。
12. “a number of + 復數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復數形式;“the number of + 復數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如：
There are a large number of workers in the factory, who are from America. 這家工廠(chǎng)有許多工人，他們來(lái)自美國。
The number of the students in the college is 30,000.這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生數是三萬(wàn)。
13. and連接兩個(gè)并列名詞作主語(yǔ)，指同一個(gè)人或同一件物或同一概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。and連接若干個(gè)被no, each, every, many a 修飾的單數可數名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數形式。如：
The director and actor has come here.這位導演兼演員已來(lái)這兒了。
14. Chinese, Japanese, deer,
sheep, means等單、復數同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，它們自身在句中的內容決定其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復數形式。如：
Chinese is one of the eight subjects we must study at school.漢語(yǔ)是我們在校必學(xué)的八門(mén)學(xué)科之一。
三、就近原則
所謂就近原則，是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應與它最靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)的單、復數形式相一致。
由“or, either ... or, neither ... nor, not ... but ..., not only ... but also”連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應與最靠近它的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)的單、復數形式相一致。如：
Either you or I am going there.要么你，要么我將去那兒。
【鞏固與提高】
1. About 60 percent of the students
_____ from the south, the rest of
them _____ from the north and
foreign countries.
A. are; is B. are; are
C. is; are D. is; is
2. Jane is one of the best students in
her class who ______ by their
teacher.
A. are praised B. is praised
C. praised D. praise
3. Now Tom with his classmates
_____ football on the playground.
A. play B. are playing
C. plays D. is playing
4. The number of pages in this dic-
tionary _____ about two thousand.
A. are B. has C. have D. is
5. Thirty dollars _____ too expen-
sive.
A. are B. is C. were D. be
6. The audience _____ so large that
no seat was left unoccupied in
the great hall.
A. is B. are
C. was D. has
7. The secretary and principal _____
at the meeting now.
A. are speaking
B. is speaking
C. were making a speech
D. have a speech
8. Apples of this kind ______.
A. tastes good B. tastes well
C. taste good D. taste well
9. Nothing but one desk and six
chairs _____ in the room.
A. are B. is stayed
C. is D. are left
10. The population of our country
______ by 50 percent over the
last twenty years.
A. has increased B. were risen
C. have been increased
D. have rose
11. Between the two roads _____ a TV
tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.
A. stands B. standing
C. which stands D. stand
12. Either of you _____ going there
tonight.
A. will B. was
C. is D. are
13. Everyone here, including children
and old people ________ in for
sports.
A. go B. going
C. to go D. goes
14. All but Dick _____ in Class Three
this term.
A. are B. is
C. were D. was
15. “All ______ present and all _____
going on well”, our monitor said.
A. is; is B. are; are
C. are; is D. is; are
16. Where to get the materials and
how to get them _____ at the
meeting.
A. have not discussed
B. have not been discussed
C. has not discussed
D. has not been discussed
17. I took mathematics and physics
because I think that _____ very
important for me to make further
research in this field.
A. what is B. they are
C. this D. which are
18. Every student and every teacher
_____.
A. are going to attend the meeting
B. have attended the meeting
C. has attended the meeting
D. is attended the meeting
19. Three fourths of the bread _____
by Bob, and the rest of the bread
_____ left on the table.
A. was eaten; were
B. were eaten; was
C. were eaten; were
D. was eaten; was
20. This pair of shoes _____.
A. is her B. is hers
C. are hers D. are her
Key: 1-5 BADDB 6-10 CBCCA
11-15 ACDAC 16-20 DBCD
主謂一致一直是近幾年高考考查的熱點(diǎn)，而且往往與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)結合在一起考查。為了幫助同學(xué)們更好地復習備考，現以近幾年高考真題為例，對高考經(jīng)常涉及到的考點(diǎn)作一分析。
一.“名詞+with/together with/along with/as well as/like/no less than/but/except/besides/including/as much as/rather than/in addition to等+其他名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數與前面的第一個(gè)名詞保持一致。
[考例1]The father as well as his three children ______ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.[2006遼寧，27]
A. is going B. go
C. goes D. are going
[考例2]Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.[2005上海,31]
A. work B. working
C. is working D. are working
[考例3]The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ______ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.[2004北京,28]
A. was B. were
C. had been D. would be
[考例4]No one in the department but Tom and I _______ that the director is going to resign.
[2004上海春招]
A. knows B. know
C. have known D. am to know
二.對于由and連接的兩個(gè)單數名詞、代詞、詞組，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復數，但如果它們在意義上是指同一個(gè)人，同一件事或同一個(gè)概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)仍用單數。
[考例]A poet and artist _____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.[2006江蘇,34]
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
三.“two-thirds of/30% of/piles of/scores of/all of/most of/a lot of/some of/half of/plenty of/ the rest of/part of,...+名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數由該名詞的數決定。
[考例1]The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third ________ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.
[2006浙江,7]
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
[考例2]Most of what has been said about the Smiths ______ also true of the Johnsons.[2006安徽,30]
A. are B. is
C. being D. to be
四.“many/few/quite a few/a good many/a large number of/millions of,...+可數名詞復數”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復數;“the number of/each of/neither of/either of/one and a half, ...+可數名詞復數”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數。
[考例1] Nowadays， a large number of women， especially those from the countryside，_______ in the clothing industry.[2005遼寧，21]
A. is working B. works
C. work D. worked
[考例2]As you can see, the number of cars on roads ______ rising these days.
A. was keeping B. keep
C. keeps
D. were keeping
五. “a lot of, lots of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of,...+ 名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復數要與該名詞的數保持一致?！癮 great deal of, a large amount of+不可數名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數;“l(fā)arge amounts of+不可數名詞”作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復數。
[考例1] As a result of destroying the forests, a large _____ of desert ______ covered the land.[2001上海,23]
A. number; has
B. quantity; has
C. number; have
D. quantity; have
[考例2]With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _____ each year.[2005山東,25]
A. is washing away
B. is being washed away
C. are washing away
D. are being washed away
注：“quantities of+可數名詞的復數或不可數名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復數。
六.表示成套(對)的trousers，shorts， socks， glasses， shoes， com-passes， scissors, gloves, chop-sticks等名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復數;表示總稱(chēng)意義的youth， folk, crew等名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語(yǔ)用單數，反之用復數。
[考例] _____ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.
[2005江蘇,35]
A. So curious the couple was
B. So curious were the couple
C. How curious the couple were
D. The couple was such curious
七.“one of +復數名詞”后的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復數;而在“the only one of +復數名詞”后的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數。
[考例]He is the only one of the students who _______ a winner of scholarship for these years.
[2002上海春招]
A. is B. are
C. have been D. had been
八.可數名詞的單數、不可數名詞及單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數;復數可數名詞及用and連接的兩個(gè)單數名詞、詞組時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復數。
[考例]She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ______ 50 million.[2004福建,24]
A. have reached B. has reached
C. are reaching D. had reaching
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