| indexing 指數化 the formal linking of any payment to a price index individual income tax 個(gè)人所得稅 a tax based on the income received by any individual or household infant industry argument for protection 幼稚工業(yè)保護論 the argument that industries must be protected from foreign competition while they are young, until they have a chance to acquire the skills to enable them to compete on equal terms infinite elasticity of demand 無(wú)限需求彈性 the situation that exists when any amount will be demanded at a particular price, but nothing will be demanded if the price rises even a small amount infinite elasticity of supply 無(wú)限供給彈性 situation that exists when any amount will be supplied at a particular price, but nothing will be supplied if the price falls even a small amount inflation tax 通貨膨脹稅 the decrease in buying power (wealth) that inflation imposes on those who hold currency (and other assets, like bonds, the payments for which are fixed in terms of dollars) inflationary spiral 通貨膨脹螺旋 a self-perpetuating system in which price increases lead to higher wages, which lead to further price increases infrastructure 基礎設施 the roads, ports, bridges, and legal system that provide the necessary basis for a working economy insider-outsider theory 局內人—局外人理論 the theory that firms are reluctant to pay new workers (outsiders) a lower wage than current workers (insiders), because current workers will fear beingreplaced by the new log-wage workers and will not participate in cooperating with and training them interest 利息 the return a saver receives in addition to the original amount she deposited, and the amount that a borrower must pay in addition to the original amount she deposited interest rate effect 利率效應 the situation that exists when lower interest rates (resulting from an increase in the money supply, or a fall in the price level) induce firms to invest more investment schedule 投資曲線(xiàn) the relationship between the level of investment and the (real) rate of interest investment tax credit (ITC) 投資稅減免 a provision of the tax code in which the government reduces a company's tax bill by an amount equal to a percentage of its spending on investment involuntary unemployment 非自愿失業(yè) the situation that occurs when the supply of those willing to work at the going market wage exceeds the demand for labor Job search 尋找工作 The process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills Keynesian monetary theory 凱恩斯貨幣理論 see traditional monetary theory Keynesian unemployment 凱恩斯失業(yè) unemployment that occurs as a result of insufficient aggregate demand; it arises in the demand-constrained equilibrium (where aggregate demand is less than aggregate supply), so that rightward shifts in aggregate demand reduce the level of unemployment kinked demand curve 有折點(diǎn)的需求曲線(xiàn) the demand curve perceived by an oligopolist who believes that rivals will match any price cuts but will not match price increases Labor force 勞動(dòng)力 The total number of workers, including both the employed and unemployed Labor-force participation rate 勞動(dòng)力參工率 The percentage of the population that is in the labor force Law of demand 需求規律 The claim that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises Law of supply 供給規律 The claim that, others things being equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises Law of supply and demand 供求規律 The claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance Life Cycle 生命周期 The regular pattern of income variation over a person's life Liquidity 流動(dòng)性 |
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