A solar cell is a device for converting energy from the sun into electricity. 一個(gè)太陽(yáng)能電池是一種裝置轉換為能量來(lái)自太陽(yáng)變成電。The high-efficiency solar cells you can buy at Radio Shack and other stores are made from highly processed silicon, and require huge factories, high temperatures, vacuum equipment, and lots of money.高效率、太陽(yáng)能電池的廣播,你就可以買(mǎi)到其他商店小屋,由極度處理的硅、和需要巨額的工廠(chǎng)、高溫、真空設備,很多錢(qián)。
If we are willing to sacrifice efficiency for the ability to make our own solar cells in the kitchen out of materials from the neighborhood hardware store, we can demonstrate a working solar cell in about an hour.如果我們愿意犧牲效率的能力,使我們自己的太陽(yáng)能電池在廚房里出來(lái)的材料,由居委會(huì )硬件存儲,我們可以證明一個(gè)工作小組,太陽(yáng)能電池在約一個(gè)小時(shí)。
Our solar cell is made from cuprous oxide instead of silicon. 太陽(yáng)能電池是由氧化亞銅代替硅。Cuprous oxide is one of the first materials known to display the photoelectric effect, in which light causes electricity to flow in a material.氧化亞銅是最早的一種材料顯示光電效應已知,電力流動(dòng)的光照會(huì )產(chǎn)生一種材料。
Thinking about how to explain the photoelectric effect is what led Albert Einstein to the Nobel prize for physics, and to the theory of relativity.思考如何解釋光電效應,是什么導致了愛(ài)因斯坦向諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎,并對相對論。
The solar cell is made from these materials:太陽(yáng)能電池是由這些材料:
My burner looks like this:我的燃燒器看起來(lái)像這樣:
The first step is to cut a piece of the copper sheeting that is about the size of the burner on the stove. 第一步是要割下一塊銅薄膜,大小燃燒器放到爐子上。Wash your hands so they don't have any grease or oil on them. 洗你的手,這樣他們就不會(huì )有任何油脂或油。Then wash the copper sheet with soap or cleanser to get any oil or grease off of it. 然后洗銅表與肥皂或潔面乳到油或油脂了。Use the sandpaper or wire brush to thoroughly clean the copper sheeting, so that any sulphide or other light corrosion is removed.用砂紙、鋼絲刷徹底清潔銅薄膜,這樣任何硫化物或其他光腐蝕被刪除。
Next, place the cleaned and dried copper sheet on the burner and turn the burner to its highest setting.接下來(lái),把清理和干果銅表上燃燒,并把燃燒器,其最高設置。
As the copper starts to heat up, you will see beautiful oxidation patterns begin to form. 作為銅開(kāi)始升溫,你會(huì )看到美麗的氧化模式就會(huì )開(kāi)始形成。Oranges, purples, and reds will cover the copper.桔子,姹紫嫣紅,曼聯(lián)將蓋銅。
As the copper gets hotter, the colors are replaced with a black coating of cupric oxide. 作為銅繼續變暖,顏色是由一黑涂料銅氧化物。This is not the oxide we want, but it will flake off later, showing the reds, oranges, pinks, and purples of the cuprous oxide layer underneath.這不是我們想要的氧化物,但是它會(huì )脫落后,顯示紅色、橙色,粉紅色,和紫色的氧化亞銅層下面。
The last bits of color disappear as the burner starts to glow red.最后位元彩色消失,因為燃燒器開(kāi)始煥發(fā)出紅色。
When the burner is glowing red-hot, the sheet of copper will be coated with a black cupric oxide coat. 當燃燒器是發(fā)光的床單燒紅,銅價(jià)將涂黑銅氧化物的外套。Let it cook for a half an hour, so the black coating will be thick. 煮半小時(shí)了,黑色的涂層會(huì )厚。This is important, since a thick coating will flake off nicely, while a thin coat will stay stuck to the copper.這是非常重要的,因為了厚厚的很容易脫落很好地襯托出來(lái)了,而將呆上一層薄薄的在銅。
After the half hour of cooking, turn off the burner. 半小時(shí)后烹飪,關(guān)閉燃燒器。Leave the hot copper on the burner to cool slowly. 離開(kāi)熱銅上燃燒冷卻緩慢。If you cool it too quickly, the black oxide will stay stuck to the copper.如果你很酷的得太快,黑色的氧化物呆在銅。
As the copper cools, it shrinks. 作為銅冷卻后,它收縮的時(shí)候。The black cupric oxide also shrinks. 黑色的銅氧化物也就會(huì )縮小。But they shrink at different rates, which makes the black cupric oxide flake off.但它們縮水速度不同,使黑銅氧化物薄片狀剝落。
The little black flakes pop off the copper with enough force to make them fly a few inches. 小小的黑色薄片彈出小康銅足夠的力量,使它們飛幾英寸。This means a little more cleaning effort around the stove, but it is fun to watch.這意味著(zhù)更清潔的努力在火爐周?chē)?但卻很有意思要看。
When the copper has cooled to room temperature (this takes about 20 minutes), most of the black oxide will be gone. 當銅冷卻到室溫(這大約需要20分鐘),大多數的黑色氧化物就好了。A light scrubbing with your hands under running water will remove most of the small bits. 用你的手擦光在流水可以去除大部分的小碎片。Resist the temptation to remove all of the black spots by hard scrubbing or by flexing the soft copper. 抗拒誘惑的力量,克服了一切黑色的斑點(diǎn)通過(guò)努力擦洗或通過(guò)炫耀軟銅。This might damage the delicate red cuprous oxide layer we need to make to solar cell work.這可能會(huì )損壞雅致的紅氧化亞銅層需要作出太陽(yáng)能電池的工作。
The rest of the assembly is very simple and quick.其余的大會(huì ),是非常簡(jiǎn)單快捷。
Cut another sheet of copper about the same size as the first one. 裁減單的銅的通徑相同的第一次。Bend both pieces gently, so they will fit into the plastic bottle or jar without touching one another. 兩件輕輕彎曲,所以他們將會(huì )適合壇子不塑膠瓶或彼此碰撞。The cuprous oxide coating that was facing up on the burner is usually the best side to face outwards in the jar, because it has the smoothest, cleanest surface.氧化亞銅涂料在面臨燃燒器通常是最球隊對陣朝外在瓶子里,因為它最始終如一,表面。
Attach the two alligator clip leads, one to the new copper plate, and one to the cuprous oxide coated plate. 把二鱷魚(yú)剪輯線(xiàn)索,一個(gè)新的的銅板,一個(gè)氧化亞銅涂上一層板。Connect the lead from the clean copper plate to the positive terminal of the meter. 連接做法干凈的銅板到正極的米。Connect the lead from the cuprous oxide plate to the negative terminal of the meter.連接做法氧化亞銅板的負面終端的米。
Now mix a couple tablespoons of salt into some hot tap water. 現在混幾大勺鹽放進(jìn)一些熱自來(lái)水。Stir the saltwater until all the salt is dissolved. 攪拌直到所有的鹽海水解散。Then carefully pour the saltwater into the jar, being careful not to get the clip leads wet. 然后小心的把鹽水放到瓶子里,小心翼翼地不去得到剪輯線(xiàn)索濕的。The saltwater should not completely cover the plates -- you should leave about an inch of plate above the water, so you can move the solar cell around without getting the clip leads wet.鹽水不應該完全覆蓋的盤(pán)子,你應該離開(kāi)大約一英寸長(cháng)的板露出水面,因此可以把太陽(yáng)能電池在沒(méi)有得到剪輯線(xiàn)索濕的。
The photo above shows the solar cell in my shadow as I took the picture. 上面的照片顯示了太陽(yáng)能電池,在我的影子,因為我把這幅畫(huà)。Notice that the meter is reading about 6 microamps of current.注意,米是讀約6微安的電流。
The solar cell is a battery, even in the dark, and will usually show a few microamps of current.太陽(yáng)能電池是一個(gè)電池,即使在黑暗中,通常會(huì )顯示一些微安的電流。
The above photo shows the solar cell in the sunshine. 以上照片顯示了太陽(yáng)能電池,在明媚的陽(yáng)光。Notice that the meter has jumped up to about 33 microamps of current. 注意到計的跳起來(lái)試圖約33微安的電流。Sometimes it will go over 50 microamps, swinging the needle all the way over to the right.有時(shí)候會(huì )超過(guò)了50微安擺動(dòng)針在向右拐。
Cuprous oxide is a type of material called a semiconductor. 氧化亞銅是一種材料稱(chēng)為半導體器件。A semiconductor is in between a conductor, where electricity can flow freely, and an insulator, where electrons are bound tightly to their atoms and do not flow freely.半導體是介于導體,在那里電可以自由地流動(dòng),絕緣體,在那里他們緊緊地約束,以電子原子和不自由流動(dòng)。
In a semiconductor, there is a gap, called a bandgap between the electrons that are bound tightly to the atom, and the electrons that are farther from the atom, which can move freely and conduct electricity.在半導體,是有差距,所謂的帶隙之間的電子都緊緊地約束到原子,電子是遠從原子,它可以自由移動(dòng),并進(jìn)行發(fā)電。
Electrons cannot stay inside the bandgap. 電子不能呆在屋里的帶隙。An electron cannot gain just a little bit of energy and move away from the atom's nucleus into the bandgap. 一個(gè)電子無(wú)法得到只是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)能源和遠離原子核成的帶隙。An electron must gain enough energy to move farther away from the nucleus, outside of the bandgap.一個(gè)電子必須獲得足夠的能量移動(dòng)遠離細胞核,外面的的帶隙。
Similarly, an electron outside the bandgap cannot lose a little bit of energy and fall just a little bit closer to the nucleus. 同樣,電子以外的帶隙不能失去一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)能源和秋天只是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)接近細胞核。It must lose enough energy to fall past the bandgap into the area where electrons are allowed.它必須失去足夠的精力去倒過(guò)去隙到該地區,電子是允許的。
When sunlight hits the electrons in the cuprous oxide, some of the electrons gain enough energy from the sunlight to jump past the bandgap and become free to conduct electricity.當陽(yáng)光打電子在氧化亞銅,一些電子獲得足夠的能量從陽(yáng)光跳過(guò)去隙,并成為免費進(jìn)行電力。
The free electrons move into the saltwater, then into the clean copper plate, into the wire, through the meter, and back to the cuprous oxide plate.免費的電子搬進(jìn)鹽水,然后把干凈的銅板,到鐵絲網(wǎng),透過(guò)米,并返回到氧化亞銅板。
As the electrons move through the meter, they perform the work needed to move the needle. 為電子移動(dòng)通過(guò)水表,他們執行工作需要把針。When a shadow falls on the solar cell, fewer electrons move through the meter, and the needle dips back down.當一個(gè)影子落在太陽(yáng)能電池,更少的電子移動(dòng)通過(guò)米,并針蘸退縮。
The cell produces 50 microamps at 0.25 volts.細胞產(chǎn)生50微安在0.25伏特。
This is 0.0000125 watts (12.5 microwatts).這是0.0000125瓦(12.5 microwatts)。
Don't expect to light light bulbs or charge batteries with this device. 不要指望光明燈泡或充電電池這種裝置。It can be used as a light detector or light meter, but it would take acres of them to power your house.它可以作為光探測器或光表,不過(guò)要英畝的他們力量你的房子。
The 0.0000125 watts (12.5 microwatts) is for a 0.01 square meter cell, or 1.25 milliwatts per square meter. 這0.0000125瓦(12.5 microwatts)是為0.01平方米的細胞,(125毫瓦的功率超過(guò)130平方米。To light a 100 watt light bulb, it would take去點(diǎn)燃一100瓦的燈泡,將需要80,000 square meters8萬(wàn)平方米of cuprous oxide for the sunlit side, and 80,000 square meters of copper for the dark electrode. 的氧化亞銅為深谷,旁邊,8萬(wàn)平方米的銅黑暗的電極。To run a 1,000 watt stove, you would need 800,000 square meters of cuprous oxide, and another 800,000 square meters of plain copper, or 1,600,000 square meters all together. 運行1000瓦爐,你需要80萬(wàn)平方米的氧化亞銅,另一個(gè)80萬(wàn)平方米的平原銅、或160平方米結合在一起。If this were to form the roof of a home, each home would be如果出現這種形式的屋頂,每個(gè)家庭有家,282 meters long and 282 meters wide282米長(cháng)和282米寬, assuming all they needed electricity for was one stove.,假設所有他們需要電是一個(gè)爐子。
There are有17,222,256.7 square feet17,222,256.7平方英尺in 1,600,000 square meters. 在160余萬(wàn)平方米。If copper sheeting costs $5 per square foot, the copper alone would cost $86,110,283.50 USD. 如果銅薄膜要花費5美元,每平方英尺銅就將花費$ 86,110,283.50美元。Making it one tenth the thickness can bring this down to $8,611,028.35. 使它成為一個(gè)可以把這十厚度下8,611,028.35美元。Since you are buying in bulk, you might get it for half that, or about $4,300,000.00.既然你買(mǎi)散裝的,你很有可能得到它一半,4,300,000.00美元左右。
If you used silicon solar panels costing $4 per watt, you could run the same stove for $4,000.00. 如果你使用的硅太陽(yáng)能電池板耗資4 %瓦特,你可以運行,同時(shí)另起爐灶,為$ 4,000.00。But the panels would only be about 10 square meters.但面板將會(huì )約10平方米。
Or, for about a dollar, you can build a solar stove out of aluminum foil and cardboard. 或者,約一美元,你可以建立一個(gè)太陽(yáng)能爐灶出的鋁箔紙和紙板。For about $20, you can build a very nice polished aluminum parabolic solar cooker.大約20塊錢(qián),你可以建立一個(gè)很好的拋光鋁拋物型太陽(yáng)能炊具。
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