Pragmatic Strategies
in Advertising: Implicatures
Wang Ying
A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of
University of International Business and Economics
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the degree of Master of Arts
April 2002
Beijing, China
系別：外語(yǔ)系 專(zhuān)業(yè)：英 語(yǔ)
學(xué)生姓名
陳 婷 婷
學(xué)號
02091502
畢業(yè)論文（設計）題目：
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
英語(yǔ)習語(yǔ)及其銜接功能
畢業(yè)論文（設計）內容：
習語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的組成部分，對英語(yǔ)習語(yǔ)進(jìn)行研究具有重要的理論和現實(shí)意義，它可以幫助我們更好的學(xué)習和應用英語(yǔ)習語(yǔ)。傳統的英語(yǔ)習語(yǔ)研究主要關(guān)注習語(yǔ)的分類(lèi)、用法、句法特征和語(yǔ)義等層面，對其功能尤其是銜接功能的探討為數不多。文章可以依據韓禮德（1976，1985）提出的語(yǔ)言三大功能理論，著(zhù)力探討英語(yǔ)習語(yǔ)的銜接功能，包括語(yǔ)法結構的銜接功能、語(yǔ)義銜接功能和語(yǔ)用銜接功能等。
畢業(yè)論文（設計）要求及應完成的工作：
1、廣泛查閱相關(guān)文獻，了解本領(lǐng)域研究現狀；
2、要有鮮明的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，立論有據，并運用一定的邏輯方法分析論證；
3、在老師指導下按時(shí)獨立開(kāi)題和撰寫(xiě)初稿，不斷修改完善直至定稿，嚴禁抄襲剽竊；
4、論文必須用英文書(shū)寫(xiě)，字數不少于5000英語(yǔ)單詞；
5、行文必須符合學(xué)術(shù)論文規范，定稿須按院系統一要求打印和裝訂；
6、按照規定完成論文答辯。
進(jìn)度安排
畢業(yè)論文（設計）各階段名稱(chēng)
起 止 日 期
1
指導教師根據選題向學(xué)生下達任務(wù)書(shū)；學(xué)生根據任務(wù)書(shū)查閱相關(guān)文獻，收集資料并擬定寫(xiě)作提綱
1月22日---3月10日
2
進(jìn)一步分析整理資料，完成開(kāi)題報告,開(kāi)始論文寫(xiě)作
3月11日---3月25日
3
寫(xiě)作并完成初稿，接受中期檢查
3月26日---4月30日
4
根據導師的修改和建議，進(jìn)一步補充和潤色，直至定稿；論文評閱
5月1日---6月 10日
5
完成答辯后規范打印并裝訂成冊；綜合評定成績(jì)
6月11日---6月22日
應收集的資料、主要參考文獻及實(shí)習地點(diǎn)：
[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language
Education Press, 2000
[2] Halliday, M.A.K.& R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985
[3] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972
[4] 林承璋. 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)引論[M]. 武漢大學(xué)出版社，1987
[5] 陸國強. 現代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)[M]. 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1999
指導教師
高瑞闊
職稱(chēng)
講 師
所選題目名稱(chēng)：
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
英語(yǔ)習語(yǔ)及其銜接功能
課題研究現狀：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages.
Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function).
Another scholar, Fernando C. (1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects. Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu
Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made
contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
課題研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and
discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
課題研究?jì)热荩?/p>
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the
function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects:
1. Introduction
2. A General Study of English Idioms
2.1 The Definition of English Idioms
2.2 Features of English Idioms
3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms
3.1 Cohesion
3.2 Functional Categories
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms
3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms
4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics
4.1 Syntactic Cohesion
4.2 Pragmatic Function
5. Conclusion
課題研究計劃：
January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials
March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor‘s advice
May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher‘s suggestion June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence
主要參考文獻：
[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language
Education Press, 2000
[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋. 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)引論[M]. 武漢大學(xué)出版社，1987
[6] 陸國強. 現代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)[M]. 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1999
[7] 汪榕培, 盧曉娟. 英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)教程[M]. 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社, 1999
指導教師意見(jiàn)：
簽字： 年 月 日
領(lǐng)導小組意見(jiàn)：
簽字： 年 月 日
備注：
選題的目的和意義
歐?亨利（O. Henry, 1862-1910）, 原名威廉?西德尼?波特（William Sydney Porter），是美國最著(zhù)名的短篇小說(shuō)家之一，曾被評論界譽(yù)為曼哈頓桂冠散文作家和美國現代短篇小說(shuō)之父。他出身于美國北卡羅來(lái)納州格林斯波羅鎮一個(gè)醫師家庭。他的一生富于傳奇性，當過(guò)藥房學(xué)徒、牧牛人、會(huì )計員、土地局辦事員、新聞?dòng)浾?、銀行出納員。當銀行出納員時(shí)，因銀行短缺了一筆現金，為避免審訊，離家流亡中美的洪都拉斯。后因回家探視病危的妻子被捕入獄，并在監獄醫務(wù)室任藥劑師。他在銀行工作時(shí)，曾有過(guò)寫(xiě)作的經(jīng)歷，擔任監獄醫務(wù)室的藥劑師后開(kāi)始認真寫(xiě)作。1901年提前獲釋后，遷居紐約，專(zhuān)門(mén)從事寫(xiě)作。歐?亨利善于描寫(xiě)美國社會(huì )尤其是紐約百姓的生活。他的作品構思新穎，語(yǔ)言詼諧，結局常常出人意外；又因描寫(xiě)了眾多的人物，富于生活情趣，被譽(yù)為―美國生活的幽默百科全書(shū)‖。代表作有小說(shuō)集《白菜與國王》、《四百萬(wàn)》、《命運之路》等。其中一些名篇如《愛(ài)的犧牲》、《警察與贊美詩(shī)》、《帶家具出租的房間》、《麥琪的禮物》、《最后一片藤葉》等使他獲得了世界聲譽(yù)。這些小說(shuō)誕生于同一時(shí)期，
且所描寫(xiě)的主人公遭受的悲劇又極其的相似，那么這些作品是想向我們表達什么呢？它表達了什么樣的社會(huì )現實(shí)呢？通過(guò)文章的分析，我們可以了解到這些主人公的悲劇是由那個(gè)時(shí)代造成的，也就是資本主義生產(chǎn)關(guān)系造成的。在資本主義興盛發(fā)展時(shí)期，最得利還是資本家，人民大眾還是受苦者。
國內外研究的現狀
Many scholars have studied O.Henry‘s works from different perspectives, such as the theme, the characteristics and also the personal background. By analyzing the theme of O.Henry‘s fiction, i.e., ―smile with tears‖ and ―tears with smile‖, Zhao Shuying gave us a unique impression of O.Henry‘s works. What‘s more, Ruan Wenlin thinks highly of the humanity after commenting on
O.Henry‘s works. As for The Gift of the Magi, Liu Wencui carefully analyzed the characters of this short story. Wei Rongcheng studied the numbers, the allusion of the Holy Bible and also the theme of his works. What‘s more, many over-sea scholars have also done some research on O.Henry‘s works. For example, in 1986, Trueman E.O‘Quinn and Jenny Linder Porter published an article on the Eakin Magazine Press, entitled ―How William Sydney Porter Became O.Henry‖.
要解決的問(wèn)題
通過(guò)對作者寫(xiě)作的藝術(shù)手法的研究進(jìn)一步掌握作者的現實(shí)主義概念
研究思路
主人公悲劇是由那個(gè)時(shí)代造成的，同時(shí)他們的悲劇命運也反映了那個(gè)時(shí)代特征。 通過(guò)研究反諷，包括字面反諷，結構反諷和命運反諷在他作品中的具體體現來(lái)揭示反諷這一修辭手法的功用及其產(chǎn)生的種種根源。這對我們研究歐?亨利現實(shí)主義，進(jìn)一步認識他的創(chuàng )作成就和文學(xué)地位，學(xué)習與借鑒他的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)和創(chuàng )作風(fēng)格有著(zhù)積極的作用。
參考文獻目錄
BIBLYOGRAPHY
E.Hudson, Long. O.Henry, The Man and His Work,Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949.
Donald F.A, Peel. Critical Stories of O.Henry, Northwest Missouri State College Studies 25:4,1961.
E.O‘Quinn, Trueman, and Porter, Jenny Lind. How William Sydney Porter Became O.Henry, Austin, Eakin Press, 1986.
Arthur, Voss. The American Short Story: A Critical Survey, Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1973.
陳華，何曉曦.《四百萬(wàn)》[M].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，1988.6.
郭燕華.從《警察與贊美詩(shī)》看―歐·亨利筆法‖[J].武漢教育學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系高等函授學(xué)報(哲學(xué)社會(huì )科學(xué)版), 2000.10 13（5）.
胡曉梅, 郭雪華.紐約的鏡子?談歐·亨利的《四百萬(wàn)》[J].浙江工商職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2003.3 2(1).
金文麗.繞梁余音三日不絕?《最后一片葉子》的結構特色及其必然性[J].麗水師范專(zhuān)科學(xué)校學(xué)報, 1999.8 21(4).
康明強.歐·亨利短篇小說(shuō)選[M].譯林出版社, 1998.5(1).
劉文翠.從《麥琪的禮物》看歐·亨利的寫(xiě)作手法[J].東疆學(xué)刊，2001.3 18（1）. 任誠剛, 王玉敏.杰作里的真正杰作?歐·亨利短篇小說(shuō)《最后一片葉子》賞析[J] .山東師范大學(xué)外國語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報, 2001(2).
阮溫林.高揚人性美的主旋律?歐·亨利愛(ài)情小說(shuō)藝術(shù)論[J].皖西學(xué)院學(xué)報，2004.4 18（2）.
韋榮臣.《麥琪的禮物》新探-數字，《圣經(jīng)》典故和作品主題[J].四川大學(xué)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)刊，2001.5 17（3）.
趙莉，黃春妮.歐·亨利作品導讀[M].武漢：武漢大學(xué)出版社，2003.8. 趙書(shū)穎.―含淚的笑‖與―含笑的淚‖?淺析歐·亨利小說(shuō)的主題[J].黑龍江教育學(xué)院學(xué)報，2004.3 23（2）.Introduction
1. Irony and Its Classification in O.Henry's Fiction
1.1 Definition
1.2 Classification
1. 2.1 Verbal Irony
1. 2.2 Structural Irony
1. 2.3 Cosmic Irony
2. Function of Irony
2. 1 Critical Exposure of The Theme
2. 2 Distinctive Portrait of The Characters
2. 3 Perfect Construction of The Plot
2.4 Adequate Impression of The Temperament
3. The Underlying Causes of the Recurrence of Irony in O.Henry's Fiction
3. 1 Life of O.Henry
3. 2 The Democratic Mind of O.Henry
3. 3The Influence of Others
Conclusion
Bibliography
作品如下：
The Gift of the Magi and A Service of Love
The Cop and the Anthem The Cop and the Anthem
The Last Leaf
The Romance of a Busy Broker An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese
試析顏色詞的中英文化內涵差異
課題來(lái)源
Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor
一、課題背景及意義 （課題的立題依據及研究意義）
Research Background:
A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people‘s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other
aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture.
When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people‘s daily life.
Research Significance:
As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the
understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.
二、課題研究現狀及發(fā)展趨勢 （課題研究領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展現狀及可能的發(fā)展方向）
Research Status:
Study of color words has long attracted linguists‘ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the
national language or in different books of different ages or different
geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different
groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency:
21st century‘s color words study should stress the originality on research
based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.
三、研究?jì)热菁把芯磕繕?（對研究的內容進(jìn)行說(shuō)明，并闡明要達到的目標） Research Contents:
A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms
1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified
1.2 Black Is Associated With Profit
1.3 Black Is Associated With the Black People
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Black Is Associated With the Death
2.2 Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate
2.3 Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful
2.4 Black Is Associated With Anger
B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms
1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky
1.2 White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty
2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms
2.1 White Is Associated With Death and Poor
2.2 White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid
C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms
1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Red Is Associated With Honor and Love
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Red is Associated with the Obscenity
2.2 Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism.
2.3 Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss
D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms
1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
1.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Noble
1.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing
2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms
2.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative
2.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease
Research Objectives:
I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better
understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance
communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.
四、預計的研究難點(diǎn) （課題研究過(guò)程中可能遇到的理論難題或技術(shù)難點(diǎn)）
With the changing society, people have a view of things may have
diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.
五、創(chuàng )新點(diǎn) （選題、觀(guān)點(diǎn)、理論、材料、方法等創(chuàng )新點(diǎn)）
The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.
六、進(jìn)度計劃 （根據研究?jì)热菁把芯磕繕怂A計的進(jìn)度安排）
1. Nov.16th — Nov.22nd , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing
2. Nov.23rd — Dec.20th , 2008 Data gathering
3. Dec.21st — Jan.10th , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline
4. Jan.11th — Feb.8th, 2009 Literature review
5. Feb.9th — Mar.14th, 2009 First draft
6. Mar.15th — Apr.10th, 2009 Second draft
7. Apr.11th — Apr.20th, 2009 Final version
8. Apr.27th — May 14th, 2009 Printing
9. May 17th — May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate
七、資料來(lái)源 （指能夠支持―課題背景‖、―課題研究現狀及發(fā)展趨勢‖所論述內容的主要文獻資料）
[1] Baugh, A.C. & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[2] Eckersley, C.E. Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979.
[3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.
[4] Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974.
[5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.
[6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989.
[7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981.
[8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007.
[11] 陳永燁．―英漢顏色詞所表現的中西文化差異‖ [J]．《遼寧工程技術(shù)大學(xué)學(xué)報》，2005，(7)．
[12] 戴煒棟,何兆熊《新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》.[A].上海：上海外語(yǔ)出版社,2002.
[13] 鄧炎昌，劉潤清．《語(yǔ)言與文化》[M]．北京：外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，1991．
[14] 蔣棟元．―論顏色及顏色詞的文化差異‖ [J]． 《四川外語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報》，2002，
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[15] 唐振華．―英漢顏色詞的翻譯‖ [J]．《中國科技翻譯》，1997，(2).
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