一、過(guò)去分詞的定義及其基本形式
1．過(guò)去分詞是動(dòng)詞的另一種非限定形式，過(guò)去分詞具有動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的特性，可以帶賓語(yǔ)或受狀語(yǔ)修飾。過(guò)去分詞和賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)一起構成過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)。如：
（1）spoken English 英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)（過(guò)去分詞具有形容詞的特性，作定語(yǔ)）
（2）Given more time, we could do it much better.
=If we were given more time, we could do it much better.
多給點(diǎn)時(shí)間，我們會(huì )做得更好些。
（過(guò)去分詞具有動(dòng)詞的特性，有自己的賓語(yǔ)more time，構成分詞短語(yǔ)；過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)在句中作狀語(yǔ)，具有副詞的特性。）
2．過(guò)去分詞的基本形式
（1）規則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞由動(dòng)詞＋ed構成
（2）不規則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞須逐個(gè)記憶。
（3）不規則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示完成，如：
fallen leaves =leaves which have fallen 落葉
（4）及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成，如：
the machines used in the workshop
=the machines which are used in the workshop
車(chē)間用的機器（及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)）
I heard the door opened.
=I heard the door has been opened.
我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)門(mén)被打開(kāi)了。（及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成）
二、過(guò)去分詞的句法功能
過(guò)去分詞是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在句中不能單獨做謂語(yǔ)。但它具有形容詞和副詞的特性，故在句中可以作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
（一）定語(yǔ)
作定語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞如果是單個(gè)的詞，就放在被修飾的詞的前面；若為分詞短語(yǔ)則放在所修飾的詞的后面。如：
The excited children are opening their Christmas presents.
興奮的孩子們正在打開(kāi)他們的圣誕禮物。
Some of the people invited (=who have been invited) to the party can’t come.
有些被邀請參加晚會(huì )的人不能來(lái)。
注意：（1）做定語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞通常指已完成的動(dòng)作，若要表示現在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作則要用過(guò)去分詞的進(jìn)行形式。
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
=We must keep a secret of the things which are being discussed here.
我們必須對這里討論的問(wèn)題保密。
（2）如指未來(lái)的情況，都用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。
He prepared some poems to be recited at the English evening.
他準備了幾首將在英語(yǔ)晚會(huì )上朗誦的詩(shī)。
例1．The computer centre, ______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A．open B．opening
C．having opened D．opened
答案與簡(jiǎn)析：選D。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，相當于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which was opened.
（二）表語(yǔ)
Be prepared! 做好準備！
Everybody got excited about the boat trip.
大家對坐船游覽倍感興奮。
注意：“be＋過(guò)去分詞”與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的區別：
“be＋過(guò)去分詞”表示狀態(tài)；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作。如：
The bank is closed now.
銀行現在已經(jīng)關(guān)門(mén)了。（表狀態(tài)）
He had been injured during the war.
他是在戰爭中受傷的。（表動(dòng)作）
（三）賓（主）語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)
What made you so frightened?
什么使你這樣驚恐？
He was found injured at the foot of a cliff.
他被發(fā)現在山巖腳下受了傷。
例2．The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year.
A．carry out B．carrying out
C．carried out D．to carry out
答案與簡(jiǎn)析：選C。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓補。
（四）做狀語(yǔ)
1．Born into a peasant family (=As he was born into a peasant family), he had only two years of schooling.（由于）他出生于農民家庭，他只上了兩年學(xué)。
2．United we stand, divided we fall.
=(If we are) United we stand and (If we are divided) we fall.
團結則存，分裂則亡。
3．We went home exhausted.
我們筋疲力盡地回到了家里。
4．分詞有時(shí)和連詞一起用，相當于狀語(yǔ)從句的省略。
Robbie had arranged for this man to come whenever (he was) needed.
羅比已安排好，隨時(shí)需要這人就可以來(lái)。
例3．The child complained that the old man made no answer when _____ where he lived.
A．a(chǎn)sking B．a(chǎn)sked
C．to ask D．having asked
答案與簡(jiǎn)析：選B。狀語(yǔ)從句的省略when (he was) asked.
三、現在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區別
現在分詞與過(guò)去分詞都能作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補語(yǔ)。
現在分詞表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行；過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成。
1．作表語(yǔ)：現在分詞表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)，過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)。
（1）The film is very moving.
這部電影很感人。（表性質(zhì)，主語(yǔ)本身怎樣）
（2）My hair is sold and gone.
我的頭發(fā)賣(mài)了，不見(jiàn)了。（表示狀態(tài)“不復存在”）
例4．Mrs. Bush stood _______ for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appeared before her.
A．surprised B．surprising
C．being surprised D．to be surprise
答案與簡(jiǎn)析：選A。stood為半系動(dòng)詞，surprised意為“吃驚的”，表示stood的狀態(tài)。
2．作定語(yǔ)
分詞作定語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是被修飾的詞。邏輯主語(yǔ)與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，就用現在分詞；是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，就用過(guò)去分詞。
（1）The books dealing with the Long March are sold out.
=The books which deal with the Long March are sold out.
有關(guān)長(cháng)征的書(shū)售完了。
（2）The books written by Guo Jinming are popular with young people.
=The books which were written by Guo Jinming…
郭敬民寫(xiě)的書(shū)很受年青人的歡迎。
例5．No computer so far ______ can have the same ability as human rights.
A．be built B．having built
C．being built D．built
答案與簡(jiǎn)析：選D。build與no computer之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
3．作狀語(yǔ)
分詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)。邏輯主語(yǔ)與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用現在分詞，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用過(guò)去分詞。如：
Seeing from the top of the hill, we saw a beautiful school.
Seen from the top of the hill, the school is beautiful.
從山頂上看，這所學(xué)校很漂亮。
例6．______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A．Losing B．Having lost
C．Lost D．To lose
答案與簡(jiǎn)析：選C。“陷入沉思”用be lost in thought.
4．作賓補
分詞作賓補，其邏輯主語(yǔ)是賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)（邏輯主語(yǔ)）與分詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用現在分詞，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，用過(guò)去分詞。例：
I saw the boy playing in the garden.
I saw the plan carried out.
四、常接過(guò)去分詞作賓補的動(dòng)詞
（一）使役動(dòng)詞
1．keep, leave, get, make的賓語(yǔ)后面的賓語(yǔ)跟過(guò)去分詞作補語(yǔ)，表示使賓語(yǔ)處于某種狀態(tài)。如：
（1）He raised his voice in order to make himself heard by the audience.
他提高了聲音，為了能讓觀(guān)眾聽(tīng)到。
（2）We mustn’t leave the work unfinished.
我們不能讓工作半途而廢。
2．have＋賓語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞（賓補）有三種情形：
（1）I had my hair cut yesterday.
昨天我理發(fā)了。（have sth. done =ask sb. else to do）
（2）I had my wallet stolen yesterday.
昨天我錢(qián)包被偷了。（have sth. done 遭受……）
（3）I have my homework finished.
我已經(jīng)完成了家庭作業(yè)。（完成式的強調）
例7．TV has so many advantages. It keeps us ______ about the ______ news, and also provides entertainment in the home.
A．informed; latest B．informed; later
C．informing; later D．informing; latest
答案與簡(jiǎn)析：選A。inform與賓語(yǔ)us之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞作賓補。
（二）感觀(guān)動(dòng)詞
表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的詞，如see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, find, look at, listen to 這些動(dòng)詞所帶的賓語(yǔ)后可以接過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)。如：
I saw a girl knocked down by a truck.
我看見(jiàn)一個(gè)女孩被一輛卡車(chē)撞倒。
When I came in, I found the glass broken.
當我進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候，我發(fā)現玻璃被打碎了。
例8．Yesterday I saw a man _____ in the street with a little boy ____ on his shoulder.
A．walking; seating B．walk; sat
C．walking; seated D．to walk; sitting
答案與簡(jiǎn)析：
選C。第一空賓語(yǔ)a man為動(dòng)作發(fā)出者故用walking；第二空seat為“使……坐下”，故用過(guò)去分詞seated“坐下”，或sitting，綜合兩空選C。
（三）其它的動(dòng)詞
wish, want, like, expect＋賓語(yǔ)＋過(guò)去分詞（賓補）
We wished the problem settled at once!
我們希望問(wèn)題馬上解決。
五、獨立主格結構
（一）獨立主格結構的構成
1．名詞或代詞＋分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)構成。
2．獨立主格結構沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，所以在語(yǔ)法上不是句子。
3．獨立主格結構在句中起方式、時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句的作用。
4．獨立主格結構前可用with變成with＋名詞/代詞＋分詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)的復合結構，在句中也可作定語(yǔ)。
（二）(with)名詞/代詞＋分詞(doing或done)結構
這種結構的功能相似于分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，而獨立結構中doing(done)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是它前面的名詞或代詞。若名詞/代詞是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，則用doing；若為動(dòng)作承受者，則用done.如：
1．Miss Gao falling ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead.
=Because Miss Gao fell ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead.
2．All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
=If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
3．He lay in bed with his head covered.（方式狀語(yǔ)）
他躺在床上，蓋著(zhù)頭。
4．He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward.
他仰臥著(zhù)，他的牙齒緊咬，他的右手緊握在胸前，他的眼睛直盯著(zhù)上面。
六、表示人的心理感受的動(dòng)詞的現在分詞與過(guò)去分詞
（一）表示人的心理感受的動(dòng)詞，如：please, delight, satisfy, inspire, encourage, excite, interest, move, frighten, surprise, astonish, puzzle, disappoint, discourage, tire等詞，其動(dòng)詞含義為“讓人……”
（二）這些詞的-ing和-ed均可視為形容詞。
1．-ing“讓人……的”一般修飾物；-ed“……的”一般說(shuō)明人。
例：We are interested in these interesting books.
2．當修飾人的表情、眼神、眼淚、聲音時(shí)要用-ed形式。
例．Her frightened face showed us what had happened to her family.
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