As 的用法
例
1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和……一樣……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語(yǔ)；
例2中，它充當從句的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。
一、“as / which” 特殊定語(yǔ)從句的先行成分
1. 形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分, 具有形容詞意義的介詞短語(yǔ)也可以充當先行成分，如：
My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境里，有些名詞可以具有形容詞的性質(zhì)。這些名詞主要是那些表示人的身份、職業(yè)、狀態(tài)的名詞。值得一提的是，在這些具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞之后，引導定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞不能用who / whom.
2. 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)先行成分。
這種動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，它們在從句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代動(dòng)詞do和as / which一起代替。do可以出現，也可以不出現，但不能用其它動(dòng)詞代替。
3. 句子作先行成分。
這句子可以是整個(gè)主句也可以只是主句中的一個(gè)從句。有時(shí)是連續幾個(gè)句子，有時(shí)甚至可以是一個(gè)完整的故事。
二、“as/which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的構成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句在句中的位置有以下幾種情況：
1. 形容詞做先行成分時(shí)：形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)（含具有形容詞性質(zhì)的名詞）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句置于先行成分之后。
2. 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分時(shí)：動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作先行成分時(shí)，“as / which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句置于先行成分之后。但是，當從句中含有表示主觀(guān)意志的插入成分時(shí)，“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句可以移至句子之首。
3. 句子作先行成分時(shí)：“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的位置較靈活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引語(yǔ)，“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句與否定詞的相對位置不同可以使它產(chǎn)生不同的意義。由于“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句具有這一特點(diǎn)，所以有時(shí)它的位置不能隨便移動(dòng)。在非正式的文體里，“which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句可以出現在先行成分之中。
三、“as/which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)義功能
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，as與which的語(yǔ)義功能相同，可以相互替換。但先行成分為句子時(shí)，它們的語(yǔ)義功能則有差異。
1. 表示結果
表示結果的特殊定語(yǔ)從句與其先行成分之間存在著(zhù)一定的因果關(guān)系，從句中往往使用有結果意義的詞，如動(dòng)詞result, make, enable, cause和形容詞interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
2. 表示評注
表示評注的特殊定語(yǔ)從句對其先行成分所述事實(shí)的正確性有肯定的傾向，它通常與那些表示客觀(guān)事實(shí)，普遍真理或某種習性的先行成分連用；從句中則常用一些表示“合乎自然規律”、“眾所周知”或“經(jīng)常發(fā)生”等意義的詞語(yǔ)，如natural, known to all, usual等。
3. 有無(wú)狀語(yǔ)意義
“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句具有狀語(yǔ)意義（主要是方式狀語(yǔ)意義），而“which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句則無(wú)狀語(yǔ)意義。“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)意義要求它在語(yǔ)義上與其先行成分的語(yǔ)義保持一致，“which”特殊定語(yǔ)從句則不受這種限制。
四、關(guān)系代詞as與which的句法功能
1. as / which 在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
as作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常為連系動(dòng)詞（主要是be, seem），主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ)為usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等時(shí)，系動(dòng)詞be習慣經(jīng)常省略。行為動(dòng)詞作“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（其中助動(dòng)詞be常略），不及物的行為動(dòng)詞在“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作謂語(yǔ)的極少，常見(jiàn)的有happen一詞。如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.Which作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不限，主語(yǔ)被動(dòng)皆可，只是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be省略。
2. as和which都可以在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中賓語(yǔ)。
3. as和 which在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作補語(yǔ)。如：
We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.“as”特殊定語(yǔ)從句中可以主謂倒裝，“which”從句中則不能主謂倒裝。
如果先行成分不是主語(yǔ)補語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞用which而不用as。如：
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4. which在特殊從定語(yǔ)句中作定語(yǔ)。
which可以在特殊定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾fact, matter, thing 等名詞。這些名詞代表先行成分表達的意義，有時(shí)將其略去句義仍然完整。as不能作定語(yǔ)。如：
I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.1 The money the man won in the lottery is ______dollars.
A two millions B two million C two millions of D two million of
2 You should eat ______ fruits and vegetables.
A a little B a lots of C plenty of D a plenty of
3 I’m not tired.If I were tired,I ______a rest.
A had B would have C will have D have
4. I _____ take a bus to school than ______ a taxi,for it’s cheaper.
A would rather,riding B prefer to,ride C would rather,ride D prefer, riding
5. I’m really shy and I just don’t enjoy parties,_____I don’t know anyone there?
A What if B How about C What’s the matter D Why not
6. — do you have an English party?
—Once a month.
A. How old B. How far C. How often D. How long
7. —Did you use to play football?
— .
A. No, I don’t B. No, I used C. No, I didn’t D. Yes, I didn’t
8. The old man lived but he didn’t feel .
A. lonely; alone B. alone; alone C. alone; lonely D. lonely; lonely
9. —Is your father a teacher?
—Well, he .
A. used to B. like to C. used to be D. would be
10. —Do you want ?
—No, thanks!
A. nothing else B. else something C. else anything D. anything else
11. What the forest of the
A. has happened to B. is happened to
C. has happened at D. is happening
12. —How do you study a test?
—I study working a group.
A. for, in, with B. for, by, at C. for, by, with D. of, in, by
13. I found learning English because the teacher’s pronunciation was .
A. interesting; good B. hard; good
C. difficult; good D. frustrating; sweet
14. I am of snakes.
A.. terrify B. terror C. terrifing D. terrified
15. —Tina didn’t go to school yesterday, did she?
— Bcause she was badly ill.
A. Yes, she did B. Yes, she didn’t C. No, she didn’t D. No, she did
16. If I were , I would buy to read.
A. enough rich; enough books B. rich enough; books enough
C. enough rich; books enough D. rich enough; enough books
17. Instead of a letter, Tom made a telephone call to her mother.
A. wrote B. writing C. write D. to write
18. Mr Green is very strict his students, and he is also strict his work.
A. in; with B. with; in C. with; with D. in; in
19. I am sorry to have kept you for a long time.
A. wait B. to wait C. waiting D. to wait
20. The fish smells , you can’t eat it.
A. badly B. well C. terribly D. bad
21. He went to the railway station to when the next train would arrive.
A. look for B. make sure C. find D. find out
22. —I think students should be allowed to do homework with friends.
— .They talk instead of doing homework.
A. Yes, I agree B. I think so C. I disagree D. That’s right
23. He is boy, but he knows .
A. a 8-years-old; a lot of B. an 8-year-old; a lot
C. an 8-years-old; a lot D. a 8-years-old; a lot of
24. —I the maths test again.
—I am sorry to hear that.
A. past B. took C. passed D. failed
25. —Mary is ill. When shall we go to see her, tonight or tomorrow night?
— . Either night is OK.
A. I’m sure B. I’m afraid not C. I don’t know D. I don’t mind
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