有學(xué)生在后臺問(wèn)到裝這種語(yǔ)法現象。今天給大家整理下倒裝這種語(yǔ)法現象。
英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序有兩種。
1、英語(yǔ)句子的語(yǔ)序通常是主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后,這種語(yǔ)序稱(chēng)作正常語(yǔ)序或自然語(yǔ)序。
2、倒裝語(yǔ)序，有時(shí)出于語(yǔ)法或為達到某種修辭目的(強調、承上啟下、平衡等)的需要,要把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面,這種語(yǔ)序稱(chēng)作倒裝( Inversion)語(yǔ)序。
倒裝分為以下兩種：
A.完全倒裝
將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完全移至主語(yǔ)之前,是完全倒裝( Full Inversion)
Our teacher came in.( Our teacher是主語(yǔ),came是謂語(yǔ),in是狀語(yǔ);主語(yǔ)在前,謂語(yǔ)在后,是正常語(yǔ)序)
In came our teacher.(整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)came放到了主語(yǔ) our teacher的前面,因此是完全倒裝
B.部分倒裝
如果只是把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前,稱(chēng)為部分倒裝
I will never forgive her.(I是主語(yǔ), will forgive是謂語(yǔ),her是賓語(yǔ), never是狀語(yǔ)。)
Never will I forgive her.(謂語(yǔ)部分will forgive中will放到了主語(yǔ)I的前面,而 forgive還在主語(yǔ)后面,因此是部分倒裝。部分倒裝的構成同一般疑問(wèn)句的構成方法相似,)再如
Only by working hard can you succeed.(部分倒裝)
Not a word did he say that day.(部分倒裝)
其中，一般疑問(wèn)句也可以看作是一種倒裝。在there be句型中,be后的名詞是句子的實(shí)義主語(yǔ),be是句子的謂語(yǔ),可以看作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)的前面,因此,有語(yǔ)法家把 there be句型也看作倒裝句。
第一部分 完全倒裝
口訣：時(shí)間地點(diǎn)在前方，名倒代不倒
1、在以here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副詞開(kāi)頭時(shí)
A.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為be, come, go, run, walk, rush, fall, follow, begin, end等,主語(yǔ)又是名詞,主謂要用完全倒裝
There goes the bell.
Away walked the stranger.
Here comes the bus.
Now comes your turn.
Out ran two little boys.
Then followed a shot of gun.
注意：不用進(jìn)行時(shí)
B.當主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí),則不能把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面
Look! Here they come.
Away they went.
Back they fought.
Here he comes.
Up it flew.
2、當句首為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ),而句子的主語(yǔ)又為名詞時(shí)
那么句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)完全倒裝
Outside the classroom stood an old man .
On the wall hangs a large map of China.
East of the town lies a beautiful lake.
They arrived at a house, in front of which sat a small boy.
但主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí),則不能把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面
In the armchair she sat.
特殊的（考的概率極低）：
進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用倒裝時(shí)的情況
A foreigner was sitting at the table.
à Sitting at the table was a foreigner.
A student was killed on the road.
à Killed on the road was a student.
第二部分 不完全倒裝（口訣：NOS）
部分倒裝實(shí)際是一般疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序
部分倒裝( Partial inversion)(又稱(chēng)半倒裝):指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分放在主語(yǔ)前面。實(shí)際上,這種部分倒裝的構成同一般疑問(wèn)句構成相似。如
①You can achieve the goal only in this way.
Only in this way can you achieve the goal.
② I have never seen him before.
Never have I seen him before.
③He knows little about me.
Little does he know about me
注意：復合句的從句用陳述語(yǔ)序而不用疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序,因此半倒裝在復合句中用在主句中而不是從句中。
1. When he will arrive is not known yet.
2. My question is how I can get there quickly.
3.Where do you think he lives?
三句話(huà)中的畫(huà)橫線(xiàn)部分為從句
部分倒裝的常見(jiàn)三種形式（NOS系列）：
形式一：N系列，當以表示否定、半否定的詞或詞組開(kāi)頭時(shí)
當never, never before, not, no, little, seldom, nowhere, hardly /scarcely.. when, no sooner. than, not only. but also, not until, by no means , in no case, in no way, in no time, no longer等表示否定或半否定意義的副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、連詞等放在句首時(shí),用部分倒裝
1?? The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only was the teachers' energy saved, but students became more interested in the lessons.(2009年全國卷單選)
注意：not only...but laso 句型中，not only緊跟部分用倒裝，but also后部分用陳述語(yǔ)序
2??Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.（1995年全國卷單選）
注意：not until后為從句，從句部分不用倒裝，主句部分用倒裝。
形式二，O系列，“only 狀語(yǔ)”位于句首時(shí),主句用部分倒裝
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.
注意：Only修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí), 句子不需要倒裝
Only he knows the truth.
形式三，S系列，以so, neither; nor開(kāi)頭的句子或分句中
A.當上下文說(shuō)的是同一人或同一事,后面是對前面所說(shuō)的
情況加以肯定,此時(shí),后面主謂結構不倒裝
—Your father smoked a lot
—So he did
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
B.前后兩個(gè)分句所敘述對象不同時(shí),后面分句用倒裝語(yǔ)序;肯定句用 so do we,否定句用 neither/nor do we
I can speak English, （and） so can you.
I have never heard of such a thing, neither has she.
Tom didn't finish his homework. nor did Jane.
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