一、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級
(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)
大多數形容詞和副詞有三個(gè)等級：
1)原級，即原形。
2)比較級，表示“較……”或“更……一些”的意思。
3)最高級，表示“最……”的意思。
1.形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的構成
(1)規則變化
單音節詞和少數雙音節詞
一般在詞尾加-er或-est
cold colder coldest
strong stronger strongest
fast faster fastest
slow slow slowest
以字母e結尾的形容詞，加-r或-st
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
重讀閉音節詞只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)，應先雙寫(xiě)輔音字母，再加-er或-est
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
hot hotter hottest
以“輔音字母+y”結尾的雙音節詞，先改“y”為“i”，再加-er或-est
easy esaier easiest
happy happier happiest
early earlier earliest
少數以-er，-ow 結尾的雙音節詞clever(聰明的)未尾加-er，-est
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
多音節詞和部分雙音節詞
在詞前加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interting
easily more easily most easily
carefully more carefully most carefully
(2)不規則變化
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest
2.形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的用法
比較級：表示兩者(人或事物)的比較
Mr King is taller than Mr Read
This mooncakes is nicer than that one。
The tractor is going faster than the bike。
最高級：表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比較，其中有一個(gè)在某一方面超過(guò)
其他幾個(gè)時(shí)，用最高級。最高級的前面一般要加定冠詞the。后面可帶of(in)
短語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明比較的范圍。
Whose drawing is he best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
The taxi is going ghe fastest.
Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.
注：在形容詞和副詞的比較級前，有時(shí)可以用much，a little等來(lái)修飾，
如：much better a little taller
二、數詞(Numerals)(2)
序數詞(Ordinal Numbers)
序數詞表示事物的順序，往往與定冠詞the連用。
fist 1st twentieth 20th
second 2nd twenty-first 21th
third 3nd thirieth 30th
fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th
fifth 5nd fortieth 40th
sixth 6th fiftieth 50th
seventh 7th sixtieth 60th
eighth 8th seventieth 70th
nineth 9th ninetieth 80th
tenth 10th hundredth 100th
eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st
twelfth 12th
三、冠詞(Articles)
冠詞是一種虛詞，讓在名詞的前面，幫助說(shuō)明名詞的含義，
冠詞分不定冠詞(The Indefinite Article)
和定冠詞(The Define Article)兩種，a(an)是不定冠詞。
a用在輔音之前，如：a road
a boy;an用在元音之前，如：an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠詞。
1.不定冠詞的用法
用于可數名詞的單數形式前，指人或事物的某一種類(lèi)。
Susan is a scientist.
Pass me an orange,please.
指某人或某事，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。
A boy is looking for you。
We work five days a week。
表示“一”這個(gè)數量，但數的概念沒(méi)有one強烈。
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。
I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears。
用于某些固定的詞組中。
a few ，a little ，a lot of ，a moment ago
2.定冠詞的用法。
特指某些人或某些事物
Show me the photo of the boy。
The book on the desk is mine。
指雙方都知道的人或事物。
Where are the new books，Jim?
They are on the small table。
指上文提過(guò)的人或事物。
Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。
用在世界上獨一無(wú)二的事物前。
The sun is bigger than the moon。
用在序數詞和形容詞最高級前。
The first month of the year is January。
Walk along this road，and take the fourth turning on the left。
用在由普通名詞構成的專(zhuān)有名詞前。
the Great Wall
the Women's Hospital
用在一些習慣用語(yǔ)中。
in the morning(afternoon，evening)，
on the left(right)，at the back(front)of
the day befoer yesterday，all the same
3.不用冠詞的情況
在專(zhuān)有名詞和不可數名詞前，
China，Grade Two，Bill Smilk，milk
名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的this，that，my，your，some，any等代詞。
The letter is in her bag ,
Come this way,please .
I have some question.
復數名詞表示一類(lèi)人或事物時(shí)，
My father and mother are teachers.
I like cakes.
在星期，月份，季節，節日前，
It is Sunday(Monday，Tuesday，etc。)today。
June 1st is Children's Day in China。
It is cold in winter。
在稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)或表示頭銜的名詞前。
Mr Mott is going on a trip。
What colour are Mrs Green's shoes?
在三餐飯和球類(lèi)運動(dòng)的名詞前。
He went to shool before breakfast this morning。
Can you play basketball?
四、動(dòng)詞(Verbs)(2)
1.動(dòng)詞的種類(lèi)(Kinds of Verbs)
行為動(dòng)詞Action Verbs：含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨立作謂語(yǔ)。
She has some bananas。
They often come back early。
I listen to the radio every day。
連系動(dòng)詞Link Verbs：本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨立作謂語(yǔ)，必須與表語(yǔ)一起構成謂語(yǔ)。
His father is a teacher。
Twins usually look the same。
Trees turn green。
助動(dòng)詞Auxiliary Verbs 本身沒(méi)有詞義，不能獨立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要動(dòng)詞一起構成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示否定，疑問(wèn)，時(shí)態(tài)或其他語(yǔ)法形式。
He doesn't speak Englist。
We are playing basketball。
Do you have a brother?
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Modal Verbs
本身有一定的意義，但不能獨立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要動(dòng)詞一起構成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數的變化。
She can speak a little English。
May I speak to Ann,please?
We must go now。
2.一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(The Simple Past Tense)
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：yesterday，last night，in 1990，two days ago等，也表示過(guò)去經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常和often，always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：
I got up at 6：30 yesterday。
My father was at work yesterday afternoon。
He always went to work by bus last year。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構成
be
肯定句：I was……
He (she，it) was……
We(You，They)were……
否定句 I was not(wasn't)……
He(She，It)was not(wasn't)……
We(You，They)were not(weren't)……
work
肯定句 I(You，He，She，It，We，You，They)worked。
否定句 I(You，He，She，It，We，You，They)did not(didn't)worked。
there be
肯定句
There was……
There were……
否定句
There was not(wasn't)……
There were not (weren't)……
疑問(wèn)句和簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ)
be
第一人稱(chēng)
Was I……?Yes，you were。No，you were not。
Were we……?Yes，we(you)were。No，we(you)were not。
第二人稱(chēng)
Were you……?Yes,I was。No，I was not。
Were you……?Yes，we were。No，we were not。
第三人稱(chēng)
Was he (she，it)……?Yes，he(she，it)was。No，he(she，it) was not。
Were they ……?Yes，they were。No，they were not。
work
第一人稱(chēng)
Did I work?Yes，you did。No，you did not。
Did we work?Yes，we(you)did。No,we(you) did not。
第二人稱(chēng)
Did you work?Yes，I did。No,I did not。
Did you work?Yes，we did。No,we did not。
第三人稱(chēng)
Did he (she，it)work?Yes，he(she，it)did。No，he(she，it)did not。
Did they work?Yes，they did。No,they did not。
there be
Was there a/any……?Yes，there was。No，there was not。
Was there any……?Yes，there were。No，there were not。
規則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式地構成
一般在動(dòng)詞原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,
結尾是e的動(dòng)詞加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used
末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節詞,先雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母,再加-ed
例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped
結尾是"輔音字母+y"的動(dòng)詞,先變y為i再加-ed. 例如:study studied
carry carried,worry worried.
常見(jiàn)的不規則動(dòng)詞有:
am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got
come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took
3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)(The Simple Future Tense)
一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來(lái)將來(lái)經(jīng)?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next
year等
例如:I will go to my hometown next week.
We will come to see you every Sunday.
1)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的構成 一般將來(lái)時(shí)由"助動(dòng)詞"will+動(dòng)詞原形"構成.在口語(yǔ)中,will
在名詞或代詞后常簡(jiǎn)縮為'll,will not常簡(jiǎn)縮為won't.在疑問(wèn)句中,主語(yǔ)為第一人稱(chēng)
(I和well)時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall.
第一人稱(chēng)肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑問(wèn)式Shall/we go ?
第二人稱(chēng)肯定式You not go.否定式You will not go.疑問(wèn)句Will you go?
第三人稱(chēng)肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.
疑問(wèn)式Will he/she/it/they go?
注:(1)在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,主語(yǔ)式第一人稱(chēng)(I和we)時(shí),常用助動(dòng)詞shall+動(dòng)詞原形.例如:
I shall write you a letter next month.
We shall be very please to see you.
(2)在表示"帶意愿色彩的將來(lái)"時(shí),常用will.例如:
I will tell you all about it.
(3)在問(wèn)對方是否愿意,或表示客氣的邀請或命令時(shí),常用will.例如:
Will you go to the zoo with me?
Will you please open the window?
(4)在表示建議或者征求對方意見(jiàn)時(shí),可用shall.例如:
Shall we go at the ten?
Shall we get some food?
2)用"be going to+動(dòng)詞原形"表示將要發(fā)生的的事或打算,計劃,決定要作的事情.
例如:
What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么?
They're going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門(mén)口見(jiàn)面.
We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我們不上課.
五、句子的成分(Members of the sentence)
組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子的成分,即:主語(yǔ).謂語(yǔ).表語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ).定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ).
主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的主體部分.表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)都是謂語(yǔ)里的組成部分
主語(yǔ)(The Subject) 表示句子所說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名詞 代詞或相當于名詞的短語(yǔ)等充當.例句:Lucy is an American girl.
We study in No.1 Middle School.
謂語(yǔ)(The Predicate)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)"做什么","是什么"或者是怎么樣.謂語(yǔ)(謂語(yǔ)部分里主要是詞)用動(dòng)詞.謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數兩方面必須一致.例如:We love China.
Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.
表語(yǔ)(The Predicative) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等充當，和連系動(dòng)詞一起構成謂語(yǔ)。例句:Her aunt is a driver.
賓語(yǔ)(The Object)表示動(dòng)作或行為的對象,由名詞,代詞或相當于名詞的詞,短語(yǔ)等充當,和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么.例句:He often helps me.
We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?
定語(yǔ)(The Attribute)用來(lái)休息名詞或代詞.做定語(yǔ)的除形容詞外,還有代詞,數詞,名詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或相當于形容詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等.例句:The black bike is mine.
We have four lessons in the morning.What's your name.please?
狀語(yǔ)(The Adverbial)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞.一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),目的,方式,程度等意義,通常由副詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或相當于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)等來(lái)表示
例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon.
六、句子的種類(lèi)(Kings of Sentence)
1.四種疑問(wèn)句(Four Kind of Question)
選擇疑問(wèn)句(The Alternative Question)
提出兩種或兩種以上的情況,要求對方選擇一種,這種疑問(wèn)句叫選擇疑問(wèn)句.它的機構是一般疑問(wèn)句加or加一般疑問(wèn)句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.說(shuō)
是or前面部分用聲調,后面用降調.如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?
Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?
反意疑問(wèn)句(The Tag Question)
反意疑問(wèn)句表示提問(wèn)者有一定的主見(jiàn),但沒(méi)有把握,希望對方來(lái)證實(shí).
反意疑問(wèn)句由兩部分組成,前一部分是對事物的陳述,后一部分是簡(jiǎn)單的提問(wèn).如果前一部分用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式兩部分的人稱(chēng)和時(shí)態(tài)要一致.反意疑問(wèn)句陳述的部分用降調.后辦部分可升可降.提問(wèn)者對陳述部分把握較大時(shí),后半部分用降調;把握不大時(shí),用降調.The weather here is very cold,isn't it?
You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .
對反意疑問(wèn)句的回答,不管問(wèn)題的提法如何,若事實(shí)是肯定的,就要用Yes,事實(shí)是否定的,就要用no.這和漢語(yǔ)不一樣,應該注意.如:
He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去參加會(huì )是嗎?
Yes,he is.不,他要去的.
No ,he isn't.對他不起.
2.感嘆句(The Exclamatory Sentence)
感嘆句多用how和what引起.how 和what與所修飾的詞放在句首,其他部分用陳訴語(yǔ)氣.在口語(yǔ)中謂語(yǔ)常省略
(1)how作狀語(yǔ),修飾形容詞,副詞和動(dòng)詞.如:
How cold it is today!
How delicious they are!
How beautiful the flowers are!
How I miss you!
(2)what作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞(名詞前可由其他定語(yǔ)),單數可數名詞前要加不定冠詞a(an).如:
What a good idear!
What a beautiful day!
What a happy woman!
感嘆句用來(lái)表示強烈的感情.句末要用感嘆號!,讀時(shí)要用降調.在口語(yǔ)中常用省略句.后面的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)往往省略,由時(shí)候只用一個(gè)詞或者是詞組.如:How cold! Wonderful
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