Ⅰ 冠詞
1. 有關(guān)類(lèi)指
A horse is a domestic animal. (側重任何一個(gè)的特點(diǎn))
The horse is a domestic animal. (指整個(gè)類(lèi)別,區別于別類(lèi))
Horses are domestic animals. (側重許多個(gè)體)
三類(lèi)各有側重,如以下句子:
Do you like horses? (不能說(shuō)Do you like a horse?)
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. (不能說(shuō)A tiger is in… )
2. 某些物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞，表“一類(lèi)（種、份、場(chǎng)、陣等）”
That’s a green tea. (一種綠茶)
Two coffees 兩份咖啡
3. 單數可數名詞前不用 a (n)
1) 連系動(dòng)詞turn 后。 After graduation from college he turned teacher (beccme a teacher).
2) Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.
3) Man為“人類(lèi)”、word 為“消息”解時(shí)。
Word came that the Chinese Women Football Team won the second prize in World Cup.
Ⅱ 代詞
A． 反身代詞
含反身代詞（oneself）的慣用語(yǔ)：
by oneself (=alone) for oneself 為自己，親自 of oneself 自動(dòng)地
be oneself 處于正常狀態(tài) enjoy oneself seat oneself = sit
dress oneself in 穿著(zhù) help oneself to come to oneself 蘇醒
make oneself at home (不要客氣) devote oneself to
find oneself in/at 發(fā)覺(jué)自己來(lái)到…
B． 不定代詞
1． 語(yǔ)法特征：
1） every和 no 只作形容詞，不作代詞
2） 復合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數。其他不定代詞亦可作形容詞(none不能)
3） 復合不定代詞不可接of短語(yǔ)，但分開(kāi)寫(xiě)的some one 等可接。
2． No one, none,nothing之區別
1） no one單獨用只指人。
2） none一般與of連用，指人或物，強調數的概念。
3） nothing與none不同?？蠢洌?/span>When I return to my share of apples, I found none left. 用none表一個(gè)蘋(píng)果也沒(méi)有了，如用nothing則表什么都沒(méi)了，連其他東西也沒(méi)了。
3． 部分否定。Any所修飾的名詞或由any構成的復合不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能用否定式。即可說(shuō)not … any 不能說(shuō) any … not。
× Anything cannot stop him going there. √ Nothing can stop him going there.
Ⅲ 形容詞和副詞
1． 這類(lèi)題中以考比較級和最高級為多數，并考查在具體語(yǔ)境中詞義辨析。
2． 關(guān)于倍數的三個(gè)句型：
① … times as +形原+ as … ( 3 times as big as …)
② … times the + 性質(zhì)名詞 + of … ( 3 times the size of …)
③ … times 形比 + than … ( 3 times bigger than …)
另兩種說(shuō)法：
The output of cars in 2003 is 6 times that of 2000.
The output of cars in 2003 is 6 times what it was in 2000.
3． 比較結構中的省略現象
Tom’s composition, if not better (省了than Jack’s), is at least as good as Jack’s.
The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not as good. ( 省了as the ones in this shop)
4. 作后置定語(yǔ)的幾種情況
1） 修飾復合不定代詞的形容詞
2） 當“形+介/不定式”的短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)
The man carried a bag full of rice on his back.
3） 兩個(gè)形容詞用“both…and…” “and”及“or”或“so”連接在一起作定語(yǔ)
4） 當old, long, high, wide, deep等附有數詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)
At that time she was only a girl five years old.
5. 表語(yǔ)形容詞
1） 常見(jiàn)的a-形容詞及well, sorry, unable, worth, sure等不作前置定語(yǔ)，可作補語(yǔ)（表語(yǔ)）。如：We found the snake still alive.
2） 但afraid, alive, alone, awake等可作后置定語(yǔ)。
3） 以a-開(kāi)頭的形容詞不可直接用very來(lái)修飾。如：very much alone, fast asleep
6. 以下形容詞用表語(yǔ)時(shí)，主語(yǔ)通常是“事”而不是“人”。
(im)possible, (un)necessary, (im)probable, (in)convenient
It is probable to rain today. × (It指天氣)
It is likely to rain today. √
但可說(shuō)He is impossible to teach. 即不定式動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)存在著(zhù)邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，句子才正確。
Ⅳ 介詞
1． 方位介詞：（圖解）
2． with, by, in譯為“用”
1） 使用語(yǔ)言、原料、材料用in；
2） 表“用…方法/式”時(shí)，所用介詞分別為：
in this/that/the same … way
by this/that … means by means of
with this/that … method
3． about, on, of表“關(guān)于”
about側重于與人或事物有關(guān)的事跡或情況。
on側重闡述或論及相對重大或深奧的理論、學(xué)術(shù)等問(wèn)題。在與tell, read, know, think等動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，of側重粗略涉及，about涉及的情況則詳細得多。
4． Besides, except與but用于否定句時(shí)可相互替換。
Ⅴ 時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
1． 這類(lèi)題從“結構主意”轉向了“情景立意”，體現了“知識立意”向“能力立意”命制原則。
2． 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)結構中，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。
3． 主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)
1） 表狀態(tài)特征的聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear + 形/名 構成的系表結構，如：The steel feels cold.
2） 表開(kāi)始、結束、運動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move。如：The shop closes at 6 pm. every day.
3） 表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性特征的動(dòng)詞。如：read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat。如：The door won’t lock. / This knife cuts well.(刀很快)
4） 少數動(dòng)詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，其主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。如print, built, cook, fry, hang, make。 The books are printing. (書(shū)在排印中)
5） 介詞in, on, under + 名詞構成的介詞短語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)。如： The question is under discussion. (= The question is being discussed.)
Ⅵ 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1． 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法系統性、綜合性強。要具備以下知識：
① 句子結構：分清簡(jiǎn)單句與復合句；陳述句與祈使句。
② 五種基本句型：分清雙賓語(yǔ)和復合賓語(yǔ)
③ 動(dòng)詞：分清及物和不及物，雙賓動(dòng)詞和復合動(dòng)詞
2． 解題思路：確定設空處在句中的功能；找相關(guān)邏輯主語(yǔ)，確定主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系；找相關(guān)時(shí)間信息；填入句中字從意順。
3． 定式：
1） 作定語(yǔ)的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式即可用主動(dòng)也可用被動(dòng)，但含義略有不同。
①Have you anything to send? (send的執行者是you)
②Have you anything to be sent? (be sent的執行者是“我”或“別人”)
2） 不定式作表語(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ)，和句中主語(yǔ)構成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)，被認為形容詞后省去了for sb. 如：This book is difficult to understand.
3） 在there be結構中，說(shuō)話(huà)人考慮的是必須有人去完成某事時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)；如說(shuō)話(huà)人強調事情本身須完成，則用被動(dòng)。如：There is nothing to do.(無(wú)事可做，感到乏味) There is nothing to be done. (某物壞了，無(wú)法使之恢復)
4） 在省略的不定式中含有be, have, been則須保留。
-- Are you on holiday? -- No, but I’d like to be.
4． -ing形式和過(guò)去分詞：
1） 幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的用法：allow/advise/forbid/permit doing sth. (sb to do)
2） 有些分詞短語(yǔ)，其形式不受上下文影響，稱(chēng)作獨立成分。如：
Generally (Frankly) speaking, … 一般地（坦白地）說(shuō)…
Judging from, … 根據……來(lái)判斷
Considering, … 考慮到……
To tell you the truth, … 說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)。
3） 三種形式作定語(yǔ)。
① 過(guò)去分詞表動(dòng)作或是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作前，或沒(méi)時(shí)間性。如：
He is a man loved and respected by all.
② 現在分詞被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)表動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)。如：
Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.
③ 不定式的被動(dòng)表未來(lái)的動(dòng)作。如：
The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is very important one.
④ Leave后的三種形式作賓補。
Leave sb. Doing sth. 讓某人一直做某事
Leave sth. Undone 留下某事未做（undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched）
Leave sth to be done 留下某事要做
Leave sb. To do sth. 留下某人做某事
Ⅶ 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和虛擬語(yǔ)氣
⒈ 不怪，但有效信息越來(lái)越隱蔽，角度細微化、綜合化。
⒉ 表推測的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞層次比較：
詞形 | 肯定 | 否定 | 疑問(wèn) |
Must | 必定（然） | / | / |
Will | 很可能，大概 | 不會(huì )（該） | 會(huì )…嗎？ |
Would | 可能性比will小 | 語(yǔ)氣比won’t弱 | 語(yǔ)氣will弱 |
Should | 確定或可能有的未來(lái)或期待 | / | / |
Ought to | 總該、理應（同should） | / | / |
Can | / | 不可能 | 有可能嗎？ |
Could | 可疑的可能 | 不可能 | / |
May | 或許、也許、也不可知 | 可能不 | / |
might | 比may還弱 | 比may not弱 | / |
⒊ may表祝愿。May you return in safety. 愿你平安歸來(lái)。
⒋ Why/How + should結構表說(shuō)話(huà)人對某事不理解。譯為“竟會(huì )”。
⒌ shall用于第一、三人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句，表說(shuō)話(huà)人征求對方意見(jiàn)和向對方請示。如：
Shall the driver wait outside? 讓司機在外面等著(zhù)。
Shall用于第二、三人稱(chēng)陳述句，表說(shuō)話(huà)人經(jīng)對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如：
You shall go with me. (命令)
He should be punished. (威脅)
⒍ 注意“寧愿做某事”的結構。
?、?/span> would rather do sth.
?、?/span> would rather do sth. Than do sth.
?、?/span> would do sth. Rather than do sth.
?、?/span> would rather sb. Did sth.
?、?/span> prefer to do sth.
?、?/span> prefer to do sth. Rather than do sth.
?、?/span> prefer doing sth. To doing sth.
⒎ would和used to：① 表重復的習慣，可替換；② used to強調過(guò)去同現在對比；③ would則單純表過(guò)去習慣。
⒏ 一些慣用法：
?。保?/span> cannot … too(enough) 無(wú)論……也不（過(guò)分）
?。玻?/span> cannot but + do sth. 表“不得不，只好”
?。常?/span> may well + 動(dòng)詞原形表“完全可能，很可能”，相當于to be very likely to
may as well + 動(dòng)詞原形表“最好，滿(mǎn)可以，倒不如”，相當于had better
You may as well tell me the truth. 你還是告訴我真相為好。
⒐ 含蓄條件
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.
A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.
⒑ 口語(yǔ)中，虛擬語(yǔ)氣的省略。常只保留助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或第動(dòng)詞
Ⅷ 形容詞從句和名詞從句
1． 歷年考試熱點(diǎn)依次為：定語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。解題時(shí)，要通讀全句，再看句型；若題干為疑問(wèn)句則先還原為陳述語(yǔ)序；注意標點(diǎn)和并列連詞。
2． 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中“介+關(guān)系代詞”的從句，介詞不后移。
3． 在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞的不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如：This is the pen which I’m looking for. 不能說(shuō)：… for which I’m looking.
4． 名詞性關(guān)系從句：是先行詞與其后的定語(yǔ)從句的結合。What是這類(lèi)從句的關(guān)系代詞，此時(shí)what = the thing(s) which，另有：whoever = anyone who; whichever（也可指人） = anything which等。Whichever和whatever也可作定語(yǔ)。
Whoever did this job must be rewarded. (主語(yǔ))
I’ll show you whatever you want to see. (直賓)
She’ll give whoever needs help a warm support. (間賓)
She walked up to where he stood. (介賓)
This is where our problem lies. (表語(yǔ))
We’ll make him whatever he is fit for. (賓補)
I gave the girl a big doll, that is to say, exactly what she longed to have. (同位語(yǔ))
5． That的省略。以下情況不可?。憾ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)；主語(yǔ)從句中，that在句首時(shí)；當一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)并列從句時(shí)，引導第二及以后幾個(gè)從句的that不能??；由it作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，that引導賓語(yǔ)從句不省。
6． Whether, if和who(m)不能引導名詞性關(guān)系從句；帶-ever的詞不能引導疑問(wèn)從句；what則均可。
Give me what you have in your hand. (名詞性關(guān)系從句)
You can ask what he has in his hand. (疑問(wèn)從句)
Ⅸ 副詞性從句
⒈ 間狀語(yǔ)從句
1） when, while和as: ①while引導的動(dòng)作必須是持續性的，側重主從句動(dòng)作的對比。②如主句表短暫動(dòng)作，而從句用延續性動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表一段時(shí)間內正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作時(shí)，when, while與as可互換。When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
2） immediately, directly可引導從句表“一 …… 就……”
3） before和since:：
① 表“還未……就……”，“不到……就……”，“……才……”，“趁……還沒(méi)來(lái)得及”時(shí)，用before。
② It will be + 段時(shí)間 before … …… (多久)后才……
③ It is + 時(shí)間+since從句中，時(shí)間從since從句中動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)結束后算起。It is three years since I (have) smoked a cigar.
⒉ 區分where引導的定語(yǔ)從句與狀語(yǔ)從句。
⒊ Now that, seeing that, considering that引導原因狀語(yǔ)從句。（參考“五年高考”P129）
⒋ for fear that, in case與lest可引導目的狀語(yǔ)從句，從句謂語(yǔ)要用(should)+動(dòng)(原)，其本身帶否定意義，相當于so that…not….
The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father should see him.
Take your rain coat in case / lest it should rain.
⒌ 結果狀語(yǔ)從句中注意little等詞意。如：It is not surprising that such little worms eat so little grain.
⒍ 狀語(yǔ)從句的緊縮。
Don’t speak until spoken to. (時(shí)間)
Come tomorrow if possible. (條件)
Jane seemed as if (she was) good at everything. ……好象擅長(cháng)一切 (方式)
Though cold, he still wore a shirt. (讓步)
Ⅹ 強調與倒裝
⒈ 表方式或方位的副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如：here, there, now, then, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等置于句首，主謂完全倒裝。
Such置于句首，完全倒裝。Such are the facts; no one can deny them.
⒉ only, never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom置于句首。主謂部分倒裝。
Not a single mistake did he make.
⒊ It is … that …的強調句型可變化為It might be (must have been) … that …
⒋ 強調詞it與先行詞it：把it is / was … that …去掉，剩下的部分仍能組成一個(gè)完整的句子，就是強調句。如：
① It is there that accidents often happen. (強)
It is clear that not all boys like football. (非強調)
② It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. (強)
It was midnight when I got here yesterday. (一般句型)
③ It was two years ago that I began to learn English. (強)
It is two years since I began to learn English. (一般)
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